Background: Most smoke-free legislation to reduce secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure exempts waterpipe (hookah) smoking venues. Few studies have examined SHS exposure in waterpipe venues and their employees. Methods: We surveyed 276 employees of 46 waterpipe tobacco venues in Istanbul Moscow and Cairo. We interviewed venue managers and employees and collected biological samples from employees to measure exhaled carbon monoxide (CO) hair nicotine saliva cotinine urine cotinine urine 4-(methylnitrosa ...

We observe that industrial firms in Turkey have shifted substantial amounts of working capital from production activities to the purchase of high-yield interest-bearing assets most notably public bonds to ensure immediate short-term interest revenues. Introducing the new and historical institutional literatures to the financialisation research this article empirically examines the influences of macroeconomic and institutional factors on non-financial firms' financialisation behaviour for the period ...