Psikoloji Bölümü Koleksiyonu
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://gcris.khas.edu.tr/handle/20.500.12469/60
Browse
Browsing Psikoloji Bölümü Koleksiyonu by WoS Q "Q1"
Now showing 1 - 20 of 20
- Results Per Page
- Sort Options
Article Citation Count: 31Acculturation Attitudes and Social Adjustment in British South Asian Children: A Longitudinal Study(Sage Publications Inc, 2013) Baysu, Gülseli; Baysu, Gülseli; Cameron, Lindsey; Nigbur, Dennis; Rutland, Adam; Watters, Charles; Hossain, Rosa; LeTouze, Dominique; Landau, AnickA 1-year longitudinal study with three testing points was conducted with 215 British Asian children aged 5 to 11 years to test hypotheses from Berry's acculturation framework. Using age-appropriate measures of acculturation attitudes and psychosocial outcomes it was found that (a) children generally favored an integrationist attitude and this was more pronounced among older (8-10 years) than in younger (5-7 years) children and (b) temporal changes in social self-esteem and peer acceptance were associated with different acculturation attitudes held initially as shown by latent growth curve analyses. However a supplementary time-lagged regression analysis revealed that children's earlier integrationist attitudes may be associated with more emotional symptoms (based on teachers' ratings) 6 months later. The implications of these different outcomes of children's acculturation attitudes are discussed.Conference Object Citation Count: 0Beliefs of Donors About Liver Failure and Transplantation Surgery(Elsevier France-Editions Scientifiques Medicales Elsevier, 2015) Krespi-Boothby, Margörit Rita; Tankurt, A.; Acarlı, Koray; Kalayoğlu, Murat; Kanmaz, Turan[Abstract Not Available]Article Citation Count: 5Beyond a Paycheck: The Influence of Workforce Participation on Women's Cancer Screening in Turkey(Springer/Plenum Publishers, 2016) Sen, Celia K. Naivar; Baruh, Lemi; Kumkale, Gökçe TarcanThe present study investigates the influence of workforce participation on women's cancer screening behaviors in Turkey. In cultures with predominantly Muslim populations like Turkey emphasis is typically placed on a woman's traditional role as a child bearer. Although the impact of workforce participation on women's welfare has been studied in various contexts the relationship between workforce participation and health protective behavior has received scant attention. Using quantitative data from a survey of women aged 40 and above from 33 urban cities in Turkey (N = 483) we examine the influence of workforce participation on breast and cervical cancer screening behaviors. Homemakers were less likely than working/retired women to be up-to-date on screenings. Women with lower income and education screened lessArticle Citation Count: 15Biomarkers of Secondhand Smoke Exposure in Waterpipe Tobacco Venue Employees in Istanbul Moscow and Cairo(Oxford University Press, 2018) Çarkoğlu, Aslı; Rule, Ana M.; Magid, Hoda; Ferguson, Jacqueline; Susan, Jolie; Sun, Zhuolu; Torrey, Christine; Abubaker, Salahaddin; Levshin, Vladimir; Çarkoğlu, Aslı; Radwan, Ghada Nasr; El-Rabbat, Maha; Cohen, Joanna E.; Strickland, Paul; Breysse, Patrick N.; Navas-Acien, AnaBackground: Most smoke-free legislation to reduce secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure exempts waterpipe (hookah) smoking venues. Few studies have examined SHS exposure in waterpipe venues and their employees. Methods: We surveyed 276 employees of 46 waterpipe tobacco venues in Istanbul Moscow and Cairo. We interviewed venue managers and employees and collected biological samples from employees to measure exhaled carbon monoxide (CO) hair nicotine saliva cotinine urine cotinine urine 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) and urine 1-hydroxypyrene glucuronide (1-OHPG). We estimated adjusted geometric mean ratios (GMR) of each SHS biomarker by employee characteristics and indoor air SHS measures. Results: There were 73 nonsmoking employees and 203 current smokers of cigarettes or waterpipe. In nonsmokers the median (interquartile) range concentrations of SHS biomarkers were 1.1 (0.2 40.9) mu g/g creatinine urine cotinine 5.5 (2 15) ng/mL saliva cotinine 0.95 (0.36 5.02) ng/mg hair nicotine 1.48 (0.98 3.97) pg/mg creatinine urine NNAL 0.54 (0.25 0.97) pmol/mg creatinine urine 1-OHPG and 1.67 (1.33 2.33) ppm exhaled CO. An 8-hour increase in work hours was associated with higher urine cotinine (GMR: 1.68 95% CI: 1.20 2.37) and hair nicotine (GMR: 1.22 95% CI: 1.05 1.43). Lighting waterpipes was associated with higher saliva cotinine (GMR: 2.83 95% CI: 1.05 7.62). Conclusions: Nonsmoking employees of waterpipe tobacco venues were exposed to high levels of SHS including measurable levels of carcinogenic biomarkers (tobacco-specific nitrosamines and PAHs).Review Citation Count: 12Cognitive styles and religion(Elsevier B.V., 2021) Yılmaz, OnurcanI discuss recent research suggesting that individual differences in cognitive style give rise to and explain religious and related supernatural and paranormal beliefs. To do so, I illustrate intuitive cognitive biases (e.g., anthropomorphism) underlying these beliefs and then review the accumulated evidence indicating that non-believers are more open-minded, reflective, and less susceptible to holding epistemically suspect beliefs (e.g., conspiracy theories) on average than those who believe in supernatural events or paranormal experiences such as astrology or magic. However, seeing religion as a search for truth positively predicts reasoning performance. Although these findings are robust across diverse measures, evidence for a causal relationship remains mixed. Stronger and more precise manipulations and cross-cultural investigations are needed.Article Citation Count: 29Compliance with Smoke-Free Legislation Within Public Buildings: a Cross-Sectional Study in Turkey(World Health Organization, 2016) Çarkoğlu, Aslı; Çarkoğlu, Aslı; Ergör, Gül; Hayran, Mutlu; Ergüder, Toker; Kaplan, Bekir; Susan, Jolie; Magid, Hoda; Pollak, Jonathan; Cohen, Joanna E.ObjectiveTo investigate public compliance with legislation to prohibit smoking within public buildings and the extent of tobacco smoking in outdoor areas in Turkey. Methods Using a standardized observation protocol we determined whether smoking occurred and whether ashtrays cigarette butts and/or no-smoking signs were present in a random selection of 884 public venues in 12 cities in Turkey. We visited indoor and outdoor locations in bars/nightclubs cafes government buildings hospitals restaurants schools shopping malls traditional coffee houses and universities. We used logistic regression models to determine the association between the presence of ashtrays or the absence of no-smoking signs and the presence of individuals smoking or cigarette butts. Findings Most venues had no-smoking signs (629/884). We observed at least one person smoking in 145 venues most frequently observed in bars/nightclubs (63/79) hospital dining areas (18/79) traditional coffee houses (27/120) and government-building dining areas (5/23). For 538 venues we observed outdoor smoking close to public buildings. The presence of ashtrays was positively associated with indoor smoking and cigarette butts adjusted odds ratio aOR: 315.9Conference Object Citation Count: 1Digital epidemiology: can Google trends give some information about electronic cigarette usage in Turkey?(European Respiratory Soc Journals Ltd, 2018) Çarkoğlu, Aslı; Niksarlioglu, Yelda; Çarkoğlu, Aslı; Uysal, Omer; Kutluk, Ali Cevat; Karadag, Bulent[Abstract Not Available]Article Citation Count: 6Does an Abstract Mind-Set Increase the Internal Consistency of Moral Attitudes and Strengthen Individualizing Foundations?(Sage Publications Inc, 2020) Yılmaz, Onurcan; Yılmaz, OnurcanRecent research suggests that experimentally inducing an abstract (vs. a concrete) mind-set enhances political sophistication by increasing the consistency in political attitudes; it also enhances individualizing moral foundations and decreases binding moral foundations. However, the evidence is mixed regarding whether abstract mind-set increases or decreases the strength of moral convictions in general. In this context, the aim of this study was 2-fold. In two preregistered studies on U.S. American and Turkish samples (aggregate N = 694), we tested (1) whether abstract mind-set increases the consistency in moral convictions, similar to the case of political attitudes, and (2) whether inducing an abstract mind-set increases individualizing and decreases binding foundations. The results did not provide support for any of the hypotheses and the past findings were not reproduced. Potential implications of these findings for construal level theory literature are discussed.Conference Object Citation Count: 0Donors' Evaluation of Their Lives Following the Diagnosis of Liver Failure and Transplantation Surgery(Elsevier France-Editions Scientifiques Medicales Elsevier, 2015) Krespi-Boothby, Margörit Rita; Tankurt, A.; Acarli, Koray; Kalayoglu, Murat; Kanmaz, Turan[Abstract Not Available]Article Citation Count: 7Early Event Understanding Predicts Later Verb Comprehension and Motion Event Lexicalization(Amer Psychologıcal Assoc, 2019) Aktan-Erciyes, Aslı; Göksun, TilbeBefore infants produce words, they can discriminate changes in motion event components such as manner (how an action is performed) and path (trajectory of an action). Individual differences in nonlinguistic event categorization are related to children's later verb comprehension (Konishi, Stahl, Golinkoff, & Hirsh-Pasek, 2016). We asked: (a) Do infants learning Turkish, a verb-framed language, attend to both manner and path changes in motion events? (b) Is early detection of path and manner related to children's later verb comprehension and (c) how they describe motion events? Thirty-two Turkish-reared children were tested at three time points. At Time 1, infants (M-age = 14.5 months) were tested on their detection of changes in path and manner using the Preferential Looking Paradigm. At Time 2, children were tested on their receptive language skills (M-age = 22.07 months). At Time 3, children performed 3 tasks (M-age = 35.05 months): a verb comprehension task, an event description task depicting motion events with different path and manner combinations, and an expressive language task. The ability to detect changes in event components at Time 1 predicted verb comprehension abilities at Time 3, beyond general receptive and expressive vocabulary skills at Times 2 and 3. Infants who noticed changes in path and manner at Time 1 used fewer manner-only descriptions and more path-any descriptions (i.e., descriptions that included a path component with or without manner) in their speech at Time 3. These findings suggest that early detection of event components is associated not only with verb comprehension, but also with how children lexicalize event components in line with their native language.Conference Object Citation Count: 0Electronic cigarette and quit smoking quest in Twitter: Preliminary study(European Respiratory Soc Journals Ltd, 2018) Çarkoğlu, Aslı; Çarkoğlu, Aslı; Kurnaz, AhmetAims: Use of electronic cigarettes has dramatically increased in last few years. Although the sales of e-cigarettes were banned since 2013, they can still be easily purchased via online sales, and its' advertisement is rife in the social media. We aimed to take a closer look at the contents of the shared information about e-cigarettes on one such media outlet, Twitter. Methods: We tracked twitter for 102 days (from 25.09.2017-26.01.2018) searching for Turkish key words “electronic cigarettes”, “ ecigarettes”, or “e-cigarettes” using R software. This data was classified using unsupervised topic modelling. Resulting dataset was reduced and classified and 15 topics were established. Results: First 10 terms under each of the 15 topics were prioritized for this presentation. Words such as tobacco, dependence, cancerogen, substance, containing, waterpipe, liquid, liver indicated a general “harms of e-cigarettes” idea. Terms such as liquid, atomiser, IQS, health, aroma, variety, price, e-cigarette device pointed to “product advertising and marketing”. Text under topic 8 was more concerned with legalization issues, indicated by text such as “Iqos”(6) “omnibus bill”, “legal”. Text under topics 9 and 10 and the videos under topic 11 were mostly related to constraints in use and safety issues. Conclusion: Results of the study showed that chatter in the Turkish social media is mostly focused on those smokers contemplating quitting due to health risks involved in smoking. This points to an important opportunity for tobacco control community in Turkey to further inform the public on healthy ways to quit smoking and work to make cessation services more accessable Footnotes Cite this article as: European Respiratory Journal 2018 52: Suppl. 62, PA4544. This is an ERS International Congress abstract. No full-text version is available. Further material to accompany this abstract may be available at www.ers-education.org (ERS member access only).Article Citation Count: 9Factors that influence attitude and enforcement of the smoke-free law in Turkey: a survey of hospitality venue owners and employees(Bmj Publishing Group, 2017) Çarkoğlu, Aslı; Çarkoğlu, Aslı; Hayran, Mutlu; Ergör, Gül; Ergüder, Toker; Kaplan, Bekir; Susan, Jolie; Zheng, Laura; Cohen, Joanna E.; Navas-Acien, AnaIntroduction In 2009 Turkey extended the smoke-free legislation to hospitality venues. Compliance however remains low in some hospitality venues. We identified characteristics associated with knowledge of health effects that can be prevented by the smoke-free law the attitude towards and enforcement of the law. Methods In 2014 we conducted 400 interviews with hospitality venue owners and employees in 7 cities in Turkey. The venues were identified based on a random sampling strategy in a previous phase of the study. Results Over one-third (37.3%) of hospitality owners and employees had adequate knowledge of the health effects from secondhand smoke (SHS) 71.3% had a positive attitude towards the law and 19.5% had personally enforced the law. Participants who worked 70 hours or more per week were more likely to have a positive attitude towards the law. Older individuals women participants working in bars/nightclubs venue owners receiving fines for non-compliance and current smokers were less likely to have a positive attitude towards the law. Participants working in traditional coffee houses former smokers and participants with a high school education or greater were more likely to enforce the law. Smokers who quit or reduced smoking because of the law were more likely to enforce the law compared with those who were not influenced by the law. Conclusions Although the attitude towards the law was positive interventions are needed to increase knowledge on the health effects of SHS and facilitate enforcement of the law particularly among subgroups less likely to have a positive attitude and enforce the law.Article Citation Count: 13Identifying City Differences in Perceived Group Discrimination among Second-generation Turks and Moroccans in Belgium(Routledge Journals Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2015) Baysu, Gülseli; Baysu, Gülseli; Swyngedouw, MarcThis study investigates the effects of city context on the levels and predictors of perceived group discrimination (GD) among Turkish and Moroccan second-generation immigrants in Belgium. Based on the Integration of the European Second-generation (TIES) data we address two main questions: (1) Are there significant differences in the levels of perceived GD between the two cities in Belgium (Antwerp and Brussels) within each immigrant group? (2) Who perceives more GD within each city? To answer these questions possible composition effects should be controlled. Accordingly we use propensity-score matching to make second-generation immigrant samples from the two cities reasonably comparable with respect to socio-demographic characteristics. Concerning the first research question we find that after propensity-score matching the Turkish second-generation perceive more GD in Antwerp than in Brussels. For the Moroccan group however the city differences in perceived GD are no longer significant after matching. With regards to the second research question we find that those who are more socio-economically integrated and those who perceive more threat in their city are more likely to perceive GD.Article Citation Count: 47Minority Adolescents in Ethnically Diverse Schools: Perceptions of Equal Treatment Buffer Threat Effects(Wiley, 2016) Baysu, Gülseli; Celeste, Laura; Brown, Rupert; Verschueren, Karine; Phalet, KarenCan perceptions of equal treatment buffer the negative effects of threat on the school success of minority studentş Focusing on minority adolescents from Turkish and Moroccan heritage in Belgium (M-age=14.5 N=735 in 47 ethnically diverse schools) multilevel mediated moderation analyses showed: (a) perceived discrimination at school predicted lower test performance (b) experimentally manipulated stereotype threat decreased performance (mediated by increased disengagement) (c) perceived equal treatment at school predicted higher performance (mediated by decreased disengagement) and (d) personal and peer perceptions of equal treatment buffered negative effects of discrimination and stereotype threat. Thus (situational) stereotype threat and perceived discrimination at school both undermine minority student success whereas perceived equal treatment can provide a buffer against such threats.Article Citation Count: 114Psychological correlates of COVID-19 conspiracy beliefs and preventive measures: Evidence from Turkey(Springer, 2020) Yılmaz, Onurcan; Bayrak, Fatih; Yılmaz, OnurcanCOVID-19 pandemic has led to popular conspiracy theories regarding its origins and widespread concern over the level of compliance with preventive measures. In the current preregistered research, we recruited 1088 Turkish participants and investigated (a) individual differences associated with COVID-19 conspiracy beliefs; (2) whether such conspiracy beliefs are related to the level of preventive measures; and (3) other individual differences that might be related to the preventive measures. Higher faith in intuition, uncertainty avoidance, impulsivity, generic conspiracy beliefs, religiosity, and right-wing ideology, and a lower level of cognitive reflection were associated with a higher level of belief in COVID-19 conspiracy theories. There was no association between COVID-19 conspiracy beliefs and preventive measures while perceived risk was positively and impulsivity negatively correlated with preventive measures. We discuss the implications and directions for future research.Article Citation Count: 37Relative group size and minority school success: The role of intergroup friendship and discrimination experiences(Wiley-Blackwell, 2014) Baysu, Gülseli; Phalet, Karen; Brown, RupertFrom an intergroup relations perspective relative group size is associated with the quantity and quality of intergroup contact: more positive contact (i.e. intergroup friendship) supports and negative contact (i.e. experienced discrimination) hampers minority identity and school success. Accordingly we examined intergroup contact as the process through which perceived relative proportions of minority and majority students in school affected minority success (i.e. school performance satisfaction and self-efficacy). Turkish minorities (N = 1060) were compared in four Austrian and Belgian cities which differ in their typical school ethnic composition. Across cities minority experiences of intergroup contact fully mediated the impact of perceived relative group size on school success. As expected higher minority presence impaired school success through restricting intergroup friendship and increasing experienced discrimination. The association between minority presence and discrimination was curvilinear however so that schools where minority students predominated offered some protection from discrimination. To conclude the comparative findings reveal positive and negative intergroup contact as key processes that jointly explain when and how higher proportions of minority students affect school success.Article Citation Count: 21Secondhand smoke in waterpipe tobacco venues in Istanbul Moscow and Cairo(Academic Press Inc Elsevier Science, 2019) Çarkoğlu, Aslı; Magid, Hoda; Torrey, Christine; Rule, Ana M.; Ferguson, Jacqueline; Susan, Jolie; Sun, Zhuolu; Abubaker, Salahaddin; Levshin, Vladimir; Çarkoğlu, Aslı; Radwan, Ghada Nasr; El-Rabbat, Maha; Cohen, Joanna E.; Strickland, Paul; Navas-Acien, Ana; Breysse, Patrick N.Objective: The prevalence of waterpipe tobacco smoking has risen in recent decades. Controlled studies suggest that waterpipe secondhand smoke (SHS) contains similar or greater quantities of toxicants than cigarette SHS which causes significant morbidity and mortality. Few studies have examined SHS from waterpipe tobacco in real-world settings. The purpose of this study was to quantify SHS exposure levels and describe the characteristics of waterpipe tobacco venues. Methods: In 2012-2014 we conducted cross-sectional surveys of 46 waterpipe tobacco venues (9 in Istanbul 17 in Moscow and 20 in Cairo). We administered venue questionnaires conducted venue observations and sampled indoor air particulate matter (PM2.5) (N=35) carbon monoxide (CO) (N=23) particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (p-PAHs) (N=31) 4-methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridy1)-1-butanone (NNK) (N-43) and air nicotine (N=46). Results: Venue characteristics and SHS concentrations were highly variable within and between cities. Overall we observed a mean (standard deviation (SD)) of 5 (5) waterpipe smokers and 5 (3) cigarette smokers per venue. The overall median (25th percentile 75th percentile) of venue mean air concentrations was 136 (82 213) mu/m(3) for PM2.5 3.9 (1.7 22) ppm for CO 68 (33 121) ng/m(3) for p-PAHs 1.0 (0.5 1.9) ng/m(3) for NNK and 5.3 (0.7 14) mu g/m(3) for nicotine. PM2.5 CO and p-PAHs concentrations were generally higher in venues with more waterpipe smokers and cigarette smokers although associations were not statistically significant. Conclusion: High concentrations of SHS constituents known to cause health effects indicate that indoor air quality in waterpipe tobacco venues may adversely affect the health of employees and customers. (C) 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Article Citation Count: 8Smoke-free Turkey: Evaluation of outdoor areas of public places(Academic Press Inc Elsevier Science, 2019) Çarkoğlu, Aslı; Grau-Perez, Maria; Çarkoğlu, Aslı; Ergör, Gül; Hayran, Mutlu; Navas-Acien, Ana; Cohen, Joanna E.Significance: Secondhand tobacco smoke (SHS) exposure is a major cause of morbidity and mortality around the world. The objective of this study was to evaluate the presence of smoking in outdoor areas of public places in three largest Turkish cities (Istanbul Ankara and Izmir). Method: For this cross-sectional observational study the Turkish Statistical Institute randomly selected 10 sampling points in each city. Around each sampling point fieldworkers visited the closest bars/nightclubs cafes government buildings hospitals restaurants schools shopping malls traditional coffee houses universities children's playgrounds parks and open markets. We observed smoking ashtrays and cigarette butts at the outdoor areas of public venues within the urban districts of each city. The fieldwork was conducted in April–May 2016. Results: 477 venues were observed covering 1017 outdoor locations in which 17737 people were observed. Smoking in outdoor areas ranged from 3.7% around schools to 90% in open markets. Ashtrays were almost ubiquitous in hospitals (95.6%) shopping malls (92.0%) and universities (90.9%). Cigarette butts were more often observed in open markets (100%) shopping malls (96%) universities (95.5%) and parks (93.3%). Smoking at outdoor areas around schools was significantly lower than around other venues. Conclusion: Smoking in outdoor areas was common in most public places in Turkey except schools. The current indoor SHS legislation should be extended to cover adjacent outdoor areas of public venues in order to effectively protect people from SHS exposure in Turkey. © 2019 The AuthorsArticle Citation Count: 18Waterpipe tobacco smoke: Characterization of toxicants and exposure biomarkers in a cross-sectional study of waterpipe employees(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2019) Çarkoğlu, Aslı; Sussan, Thomas; Rule, Ana M.; Moon, Katherine A.; Grau-Perez, Maria; Olmedo, Pablo; Chen, Rui; Çarkoğlu, Aslı; Levshin, Vladimir; Wang, Lanqing; Watson, Clifford; Blount, Benjamin; Calafat, Antonia M.; Jarrett, Jeffery; Caldwell, Kathleen; Wang, Yuesong; Breysse, Patrick N.; Strickland, Paul; Cohen, Joanna E.; Biswal, Shyam; Navas-Acien, AnaIntroduction: Few studies have comprehensively characterized toxic chemicals related to waterpipe use and secondhand waterpipe exposure. This cross-sectional study investigated biomarkers of toxicants associated with waterpipe use and passive waterpipe exposure among employees at waterpipe venues. Method: We collected urine specimens from employees in waterpipe venues from Istanbul Turkey and Moscow Russia and identified waterpipe and cigarette smoking status based on self-report. The final sample included 110 employees. Biomarkers of exposure to sixty chemicals (metals volatile organic compounds (VOCs) polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) nicotine and heterocyclic aromatic amines (HCAAs)) were quantified in the participants' urine. Results: Participants who reported using waterpipe had higher urinary manganese (geometric mean ratio (GMR): 2.42 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.16 5.07) than never/former waterpipe or cigarette smokers. Being exposed to more hours of secondhand smoke from waterpipes was associated with higher concentrations of cobalt (GMR: 1.38 95% CI: 1.10 1.75). Participants involved in lighting waterpipes had higher urinary cobalt (GMR: 1.43 95% CI: 1.10 1.86) cesium (GMR: 1.21 95% CI: 1.00 1.48) molybdenum (GMR: 1.45 95% CI: 1.08 1.93) 1-hydroxypyrene (GMR: 1.36 95% CI: 1.03 1.80) and several VOC metabolites. Conclusion: Waterpipe tobacco users and nonsmoking employees of waterpipe venues had higher urinary concentrations of several toxic metals including manganese and cobalt as well as of VOCs in a distinct signature compared to cigarette smoke. Employees involved in lighting waterpipes may have higher exposure to multiple toxic chemicals compared to other employees.Article Citation Count: 1Who wants left-wing policies? Economic preferences and political cleavages in Turkey(Routledge Journals, Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2020) Tekgüç, Hasan; Harma, Mehmet; Tekgüç, HasanWe administer a survey of economic policy preferences to a representative sample of the Turkish voting-age population. We show that policy preferences are distributed in non-linear ways that are at odds with what could be expected from a conventional left-right division. We find that while objective socioeconomic differences are bad at predicting economic policy preferences, the latter are distinctly associated with politically salient cleavages built on religiosity and ethnicity. We also examine how preferences of each party's voters compare with party programmes.
