The applications of the routing protocol for low-power and lossy networks (RPL) on the internet of mobile things

Abstract

Internet of Mobile Things (IoMT) have become very popular recently. The routing protocol for low power and lossy networks (RPL) is standardized for static topologies. However, mobility is the nature of IoT. Mobility serves as a promising candidate to harness hand-off time issues, delay in data transmission, overhead, and low packet delivery rate (PDR) effectively. This study presents a comprehensive account of the mobility-aware RPL-based routing protocols to validate and compare the experimental results. Remarkably, classification methods are used in many articles. The aim is to introduce significant research efforts to improve RPL objective functions (OF) performance in hand-off time, PDR, delay, overhead, and so forth. In this regard, a complete analysis of the existing routing protocols in IoMT has been presented to compare the results. The main focus of this study is on approaches that proposed new OFs for supporting mobility in RPL. Two main categories are considered to study RPL-based routing protocol mechanisms: The mobile and static sink. The related studies on the mobile sink are divided into three groups: Single metric-based OF, composite metric OF, and hybrid routing protocols. Also, the related works based on the static sink are categorized into four groups: Fuzzy logic-based OF, trickle timer-based OF, composite metrics-based OF, and modification control messages-based OF approach. This paper presents a detailed comparison of mechanisms in each category. It also highlights the pros, cons, open issues, and evaluated metrics of each paper. Besides, challenges of mobility in the RPL-based routing protocol mechanism in IoMT for future studies. © 2022 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.