Thinking multiculturality in the age of hybrid threats: Converging cyber and physical security in Akkuyu nuclear power plant
Abstract
Nuclear Power Plants (NPPs) are the most protected facilities among all critical infrastructures (CIs). In
addition to physical security, cyber security becomes a significant concern for NPPs since swift digitalization
and overreliance on computer-based systems in the facility operations transformed NPPs into
targets for cyber/physical attacks. Despite technical competencies, humans are still the central component
of a resilient NPP to develop an effective nuclear security culture.
Turkey is one of the newcomers in the nuclear energy industry, and Turkish Akkuyu NPP has a unique
model owned by an international consortium. Since Turkey has limited experience in nuclear energy
industry, specific multinational and multicultural characteristics of Turkish Akkuyu NPP also requires
further research in terms of the Facility's prospective nuclear security. Yet, the link between “national
cultures” and “nuclear security” is underestimated in nuclear security studies. By relying on Hofstede's
national culture framework, our research aims to address this gap and explore possible implications of
cross-national cultural differences on nuclear security. To cope with security challenges in the age of
hybrid threats, we propose a security management model which addresses the need for cyber-physical
security integration to cultivate a robust nuclear security culture in a multicultural working environment.
© 2022 Korean Nuclear Society, Published by Elsevier Korea LLC. This is an open access article under the third parties. This creates a situation in which physical security
department uses digitized devices to protect facility and cyber security
department has to protect its network with limited cooperation
with physical security department.
Turkey aims to reduce its dependence on fossil fuels and
diversify energy resources. In this respect, Turkey and Russian
Federation signed an agreement to build a NPP in Turkey's Akkuyu
province in 2010. Turkish NPP model differs from the world-wide
NPPs since its contract is the first example for participation of
foreign capital in a NPP to be built under the Build-Own-Operate
(BOO) model. Such model might be beneficial for newcomers by
solving nuclear waste disposal challenge [3]. Nevertheless, safety
and security culture should be re-considered as this model can
undermine a host country's practices unless local partners are well
trained [4]. In the Akkuyu NPP's financial structure, Rosatom,
Russian Federation State company, is in a consortium with Turkish
companies: Cengiz Holding, Kalyon Construction and Kolin Construction.
According to the agreement while at least 51% of the
shares of all investment should belong to Rosatom, Turkish companies
has 49% of the shares
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