Ulus devletin liberalleşmesi
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Date
2021
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Kadir Has Üniversitesi
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Abstract
Bu tezin amacı, ulus devletin liberalleşmesi sürecinin Batı'da ve Türkiye'de ortaya çıkan iki görünümünün tarihsel gelişimi ve bu gelişim içerisindeki toplumsal ve ekonomik dayanaklarından hareketle karşılaştırılması ve farklı görünümlerin nedenlerinin açığa çıkartılmasıdır. Ulus devletin ilk Batı'da ilk görünümü monarşiler dönemi ile birlikte ortaya çıkmıştır. Monarşiler dönemi, egemenliğin monarkın kişiliğinde somutlaştığı, belirli sınırlara ve nüfusa sahip devlet tipi ile ulus devletin ilk örneklerini ortaya koymuştur. Ulus devletin oluşumunda en önemli pay sahiplerinden biri olan toplumsal sınıf ise ticaretin gelişmesi ve sermaye birikiminin güvence altına alınması için öncelikle monarşileri destekleyen sonra da ulus devletin liberalleşmesini sağlayan burjuvazi olmuştur. Ulus devletin liberalleşmesi egemenlik anlayışını da değiştirmiş ve devletin ulus ögesi böylelikle şekillenmeye başlamıştır. İlk olarak sadece kendisini yaratan burjuvaziyi kapsayan ulus, Sanayi Devrimi ile işçi sınıfının sahneye çıkışı ve iki sınıf arasındaki karşıtlıklar sonucunda bugünkü şeklini almıştır. Sermayenin giderek gelişmesi sonucunda, artık ulusal sınırları aşacak boyuta geldiğinde ise karşımıza çıkan küreselleşme olgusu ulus devletin geleceği konusunda bazı tartışmaları gündeme getirmiştir. Her ne kadar ulus devletlerin geleceği sorgulansa da kapitalizmin kendisi ile birlikte gelişen ve onun bir sonucu olan ulus devlet işlevleri değişmesine rağmen bu süreçte ortaya çıkan ekonomik ve siyasal yapının vazgeçilmez bir aktörü olmaya devam etmektedir. Bu noktada Türkiye'de ulus devletin liberalleşmesi konusu önem kazanmaktadır. Batı'daki doğal gelişim sürecinden geçmemiş bir ülke olarak Türkiye'de ulus devletin doğuşu ve liberalleşmesi süreci Batı'daki toplumsal yapıdan farklı bir yapı ve karşıtlıklar içerisinde gerçekleştirmiştir. Batı'da feodal unsurların tasfiyesi ve Sanayi Devriminin getirdiği dönüşümler ile şekillenen ulus devlet, Türkiye'de, Osmanlı'dan devralınan cılız bir yerli burjuvazi ve yarı-feodal unsurların ittifakı sonucunda Batı'dan ayrışan bir gelişim çizgisinde ilerlemiştir. Batı'daki toplumsal tabandan yoksunluk ve küreselleşme sürecinin getirdiği yeni uluslararası iş bölümü sonucunda Türkiye'de, ekonomide liberal ve dünya piyasaları ile bütünleşme amacı taşıyan politikaların benimsenmesi ile devlet aygıtının etki alanının giderek genişlemesi paralellik göstermektedir.
The main objective of this thesis is to identify the process of liberalisation of the nation-state in the West and in Turkey. In order to do that, divergences between the West and Turkey are going to be compared in terms of their socio-economic and political context within their own historical development process. First appearance of the nation-state, has been seen in the West in the era of monarchies as a type of state that has defined borders, population and a sovereignty that concretise in the person of the monarch. In addition, one of the most crucial roles during the formation of the nation state was played by the bourgeoisie which initially supported monarchies and then ensured its liberalisation in order to guarantee the development of the trade and the capital accumulation. Process of liberalisation changed the concept of sovereignty thus the concept of "nation" started to shape. At first, the new concept of nation was inclusive only to its creators, the bourgeoisie. However, with the emergence of the proletariat the concept of the nation was changed with the conflict between these two classes. With the development of the capital and its transcendence of the national borders, the phenomenon of the globalisation raised questions about the future of nation-state. Even though their future is questioned, nation-states are still the essential actors of the economic and political structure that was shaped during this process. At this very point, liberalisation of the concept of nation state in Turkey is becoming more of an issue. As a country that did not go through the natural process of development, liberalisation process in the Turkey took a different path with different social contradictions. While the abolishment of feudalism and the changes brought by the Industrial Revolution were shaping the nation-state in the West, in Turkey a different path has been taken as a consequence of the co-operation between semi-feudal elements and a weak bourgeoisie which were inherited from the Ottoman Empire. Hence adaptation of the liberal policies without the required social base and the new international division of labour brought by the globalisation, resulted with the empowerment of the executive power.
The main objective of this thesis is to identify the process of liberalisation of the nation-state in the West and in Turkey. In order to do that, divergences between the West and Turkey are going to be compared in terms of their socio-economic and political context within their own historical development process. First appearance of the nation-state, has been seen in the West in the era of monarchies as a type of state that has defined borders, population and a sovereignty that concretise in the person of the monarch. In addition, one of the most crucial roles during the formation of the nation state was played by the bourgeoisie which initially supported monarchies and then ensured its liberalisation in order to guarantee the development of the trade and the capital accumulation. Process of liberalisation changed the concept of sovereignty thus the concept of "nation" started to shape. At first, the new concept of nation was inclusive only to its creators, the bourgeoisie. However, with the emergence of the proletariat the concept of the nation was changed with the conflict between these two classes. With the development of the capital and its transcendence of the national borders, the phenomenon of the globalisation raised questions about the future of nation-state. Even though their future is questioned, nation-states are still the essential actors of the economic and political structure that was shaped during this process. At this very point, liberalisation of the concept of nation state in Turkey is becoming more of an issue. As a country that did not go through the natural process of development, liberalisation process in the Turkey took a different path with different social contradictions. While the abolishment of feudalism and the changes brought by the Industrial Revolution were shaping the nation-state in the West, in Turkey a different path has been taken as a consequence of the co-operation between semi-feudal elements and a weak bourgeoisie which were inherited from the Ottoman Empire. Hence adaptation of the liberal policies without the required social base and the new international division of labour brought by the globalisation, resulted with the empowerment of the executive power.
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Hukuk, Law