Türkiye'de modern sporların miraslaştırılması
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Date
2017
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Kadir Has Üniversitesi
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Abstract
"Tarih geçmişi nasıl açıkladığımız, miras ise onu nasıl koruduğumuzdur" (Holt 2012: 263). Kültürel miras içinde yaşadığı toplumun süreçlerinden bağımsız olamaz. Geçmişte yaşanan her olay tarihin sayfalarında yer alabilir. Ancak her tarihsel olgu miras değeri kazanamaz. Kültürel miras geçmişle ilgisi olan yerlerin, kişilerin, onlarla ilgili olan obje, olay ve hatıraların zaman içinde toplumsal kabul görerek bir değer oluşturması ve bunların toplumsal bellekte korunarak miraslaşmasıyla ortaya çıkmaktadır. Kültürel miras toplumsal uzlaşı gerektiren selektif bir süreçtir. Kurumlar, medya ve toplum kişilerin, yerlerin ve onlarla ilgili obje ve olayların miraslaştırılmasına aracılık edebilmektedir. Bu tez çalışması, sporu kültürel mirasın bir öğesi olarak ele alarak, Türkiye'deki modern sporların miraslaştırılma süreçlerini anlamayı amaçlamıştır. Ülkemizde modern sporların Türkiye'ye girmeye başladığı 19. yüzyıldan günümüze geçen yaklaşık 150 yıllık süreçte ülkedeki sporun gelişimini etkileyen faktörleri anlayabilmek için spor tarihindeki önemli basamaklar, dünya ve ülke tarihindeki önemli olaylar, uluslararası spor dünyasındaki ana gelişmeler bir arada ele alınarak bir dönemlendirme çalışması gerçekleştirilmiştir. Türkiye'de sporun gelişimini doğrudan etkileyen 4 ana "tema" olan "Modernleşme", "Devletçilik", "Profesyonellik" ve "Neo-liberalizmin" etkileri üzerinden yapılan dönemlendirme sonucunda tarihsel ve toplumsal bir analiz çalışması gerçekleştirilmiştir. Sporun kültürel miras değeri üstün nitelikli ve başarılı spor insanları, kimliğimiz ve anılarımızla ilişkilendirdiğimiz mekanlarda ve bunlarla ilişkili olay ve objelerde ortaya çıkmaktadır. Tarihsel ve toplumsal analiz çalışmasında da kültürel miras değeri taşıyan spor insanları, isimlerinin spor tesislerine verilmesi, kamusal alana heykellerinin dikilmesi, parklara, sokaklara, lig sezonlarına isimlerinin verilmesi yoluyla miraslaştırılmışlardır. Spor tesisleri ise kamusal alanda büyük ve halkla iç içe binalar oldukları için taşıdıkları ismi toplumsallaştırma özelliği taşımakta, dönemlerini ve mimari dönemi simgeleyen yapılar oldukları için somut kültür varlığı olarak kabul edilmektedirler. Bu çalışma, tespit edilen bu miras göstergeleri ve diğer örnekler üzerinden sporun miraslaştırılmasını açıklamaya gayret etmektedir. Türkiye'de spor mirasını geleceğe taşıyacak öğelerin başında sistematik biçimde spor mirasını koruyup sonraki nesillere aktarabilecek olan spor müzeleri gelir. Ülkemizde akademik bakış açısıyla bir spor müzesinin kurulması, var olan farklı alanlardaki müzelerde sporun alt başlık olarak yer alınması, arşiv ve özel koleksiyonların dijital platformlar aracılığıyla kitlelerin ulaşımına açılması spor mirasını geliştirecektir. Sporun kesiştiği farklı disiplerin ortaya çıkarılması, geniş kitlelerin ilgisini çekecek şekilde sporun ve spor mirasının turizm potansiyelinin değerlendirilmesi de spor mirasının korunması için kaynak ve motivasyon yaratacaktır. Tüm bunların yanında ülkemizde sporun yaygınlaşması ve sporun oynanmaya devam etmesi spor mirasımızı üretecek, zenginleştirecek ve geleceğe taşıyacak en önemli etken olacaktır.
"History is how we explain the past, heritage is how we preserve it" (Holt 2012: 263). Cultural heritage is tightly bonded with the processes within the society it flourishes from. Every event from the past can take its place in history, however not every one of them acquires "value" as cultural heritage. Places/buildings, people from the past and present, objects, events and memories related with these places and people are "valuated" in the course of the time and preserved in social memory for heritagization. Heritagization is a selective process that requires social reconciliation. Institutions, media and society may perform as actors in the heritagization process. This thesis approaches sports as cultural heritage and aims to comprehend heritagization process of modern sports in Turkey. The study attempts to periodize approximately 150 years of history and development of modern sports in Turkey. Starting from 19th century up until today, it takes important leverage points in country's sports history, significant moments in the history of the world and Turkey, important events in international world of sports into account, through 4 main themes: "Modernization", "étatisme", "professionality" and "neo-liberalizm". A historical and social analysis built on the data provided by the periodization effort shows that cultural heritage value of sports can be observed in sportsmen with exceptional skills, athletic capacity and character, as well as in places that are related with identity and memory, including objects and events related with these. Indication of the case where sportsmen being "valuated" for having cultural heritage qualities comes by having their names given to sport complexes, stadiums, parks, streets and by having their statues placed in public sphere. The sport complexes are important as cultural heritage not only because of their architectural qualities as tangible cultural heritage but also with their social qualities as being places of social memory. Being monumental buildings in public sphere, they also have a capacity for socializing the names they carry. This thesis aims to explain heritagization of sports through the heritage indicators spotted through the study and through other examples. Among the best practices to systematically preserve and carry sports heritage into the future are sports museums. Founding a sports museum following academic perspectives, placing sports as a topic in academic museums in other fields and increasing accessability of archives and private collections through newly established digital platforms will enhance the interest and provide leverage for the development and future of sports heritage in Turkey. Studying and indicating topics of sports that intersect with other disciplines will attract attention from a larger and more diverse audience. Bringing out tourism potential of sports and sports heritage will provide resources and motivation for preserving sports heritage. Above all these, having a high-quality sporting environment where sports are played over and over again by larger groups will be the source for a richer sports heritage passed over to the future generations.
"History is how we explain the past, heritage is how we preserve it" (Holt 2012: 263). Cultural heritage is tightly bonded with the processes within the society it flourishes from. Every event from the past can take its place in history, however not every one of them acquires "value" as cultural heritage. Places/buildings, people from the past and present, objects, events and memories related with these places and people are "valuated" in the course of the time and preserved in social memory for heritagization. Heritagization is a selective process that requires social reconciliation. Institutions, media and society may perform as actors in the heritagization process. This thesis approaches sports as cultural heritage and aims to comprehend heritagization process of modern sports in Turkey. The study attempts to periodize approximately 150 years of history and development of modern sports in Turkey. Starting from 19th century up until today, it takes important leverage points in country's sports history, significant moments in the history of the world and Turkey, important events in international world of sports into account, through 4 main themes: "Modernization", "étatisme", "professionality" and "neo-liberalizm". A historical and social analysis built on the data provided by the periodization effort shows that cultural heritage value of sports can be observed in sportsmen with exceptional skills, athletic capacity and character, as well as in places that are related with identity and memory, including objects and events related with these. Indication of the case where sportsmen being "valuated" for having cultural heritage qualities comes by having their names given to sport complexes, stadiums, parks, streets and by having their statues placed in public sphere. The sport complexes are important as cultural heritage not only because of their architectural qualities as tangible cultural heritage but also with their social qualities as being places of social memory. Being monumental buildings in public sphere, they also have a capacity for socializing the names they carry. This thesis aims to explain heritagization of sports through the heritage indicators spotted through the study and through other examples. Among the best practices to systematically preserve and carry sports heritage into the future are sports museums. Founding a sports museum following academic perspectives, placing sports as a topic in academic museums in other fields and increasing accessability of archives and private collections through newly established digital platforms will enhance the interest and provide leverage for the development and future of sports heritage in Turkey. Studying and indicating topics of sports that intersect with other disciplines will attract attention from a larger and more diverse audience. Bringing out tourism potential of sports and sports heritage will provide resources and motivation for preserving sports heritage. Above all these, having a high-quality sporting environment where sports are played over and over again by larger groups will be the source for a richer sports heritage passed over to the future generations.
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Sosyoloji, Sociology ; Spor
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