Better Reflective Functioning in Mothers Linked To Longer Joint Attention With Infants

Abstract

Joint attention is a foundational precursor to later developmental outcomes such as vocabulary, intelligence, and theory of mind. Previous research has shown that maternal sensitivity, depressive symptoms, and parent-child attachment security are associated with attention-sharing behaviors between mothers and their infants. The present study examined the relationship between mothers’ reflective functioning (the ability to recognize and interpret one’s own and one’s child’s mental states, as well as the behaviors motivated by those mental states) and joint attention. Data were collected from 72 infants aged 10–16 months and their mothers. Results indicated that mothers who reported greater difficulty in understanding and distinguishing between their own and their child's mental states (i.e., higher prementalization) tended to engage in joint attention episodes that were shorter and more frequent, and they were also more likely to terminate these interactions. In contrast, mothers expressing greater interest and curiosity about their infants’ mental states spent longer periods in joint attention, initiated these episodes less often, and were less inclined to terminate them. Additionally, mothers who felt more certain about their infants’ mental states were less likely to end joint attention episodes. After controlling for infant age and socioeconomic status, higher levels of interest and certainty continued to predict lower maternal termination, while prementalization was still linked to a higher number of joint attention episodes. These findings suggest that mothers’ perceptions of their infants’ mental states shape how they engage in shared attention during everyday play interactions. © 2025 Elsevier Inc.