Bilişsel Stil ve Dini İnanç: İki Modelin Testi
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Date
2024
Authors
Şeker, Fırat
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Abstract
İnsanların evrimleşmiş bilişsel yapısının dini inançlar için sezgisel bir bilişsel temel oluşturduğu savunulmaktadır. İkili İşlem Modeli (İİM) derin düşünmeye daha yatkın bireylerin dini inançlarının azalması gerektiğini öne sürmektedir. Bu doğrultuda, önceki araştırmalar derin düşünme ile dini inanç arasında büyük oranda tutarlı olarak negatif bir ilişki olduğunu göstermiştir. Bir başka model olan Dışavurumcu Rasyonalite Modeli (DRM), derin düşünmenin kimlik koruyucu bir işlevi olduğunu öne sürmektedir. Bir konuyu sosyal kimlikleriyle ilgili olarak görenler, bu konuda sahip oldukları görüşlerini güçlendirmek için derin düşünmeyi kullanabilirler. Mevcut literatürde İİM büyük destek görmüş olmasına rağmen önceki çalışmalar hem İİM'yi hem de DRM'yi test etmek için kimlik gruplarını eşit şekilde temsil eden bir örneklemden veri toplamamıştır. Bu çalışmada, bu sınırlamanın üstesinden gelmek için hem dindar (n = 580) hem de inançsız (n = 594) Amerikan katılımcılardan veri topladık ve çeşitli derin düşünme ölçümleri kullandık. Hem İİM hem de DRM'nin öngörülerini test etmek adına bu ölçümlerin Tanrı'ya inanç ve evrime inançsızlıkla ilişkilerini inceledik. Örneklemimizin tamamında, tüm derin düşünme ölçümleri Tanrı'ya inanç ve evrime inançsızlıkla negatif korelasyon göstermiştir. Bununla birlikte, örneklemi dindarlar ve inançsızlar olarak ikiye ayırdığımızda bazı negatif korelasyonların dindarlar için daha zayıf olduğu gözlemlenmiştir; bu da DRM'yi desteklemektedir. Genel olarak, sonuçlarımız ağırlıklı olarak İİM'nin açıklamasını desteklemektedir ve DRM'nin öngörüleri de örneklemimizde tespit edilebilir görünmektedir.
It is argued that the evolved cognitive structure of humans forms an intuitive cognitive basis for religious beliefs. The Dual-process Model (DPM) of religious belief posits that individuals more prone to use reflection should show decreased religious belief. In line with that, previous research has consistently demonstrated a negative relationship between reflective thinking and religious belief. Another model, the Expressive Rationality Model (ERM), suggests that reflection serves an identity-protective function. Individuals who perceive a topic as relevant to their social identity might use reflection to reinforce their beliefs about that topic. Despite the substantial support for the DPM in current literature, previous studies have not recruited a sample of identity groups that are equally represented to test both the DPM and the ERM. In this study, we recruited a large number of both religious believers (n = 580) and non-believers (n = 594), who were all American adults, to overcome this limitation. We used various measures of cognitive reflection to test the predictions of both models, investigating the relationship between these measures and belief in God and disbelief in evolution. In our full sample, all measures of reflection were negatively correlated with religious belief and disbelief in evolution. However, when the sample was divided into believers and non-believers, some negative correlations were observed to be significantly weaker for believers, which supports the ERM. Overall, our results mainly support the DPM's explanation, and the predictions of the ERM also appear to be detectable in our sample.
It is argued that the evolved cognitive structure of humans forms an intuitive cognitive basis for religious beliefs. The Dual-process Model (DPM) of religious belief posits that individuals more prone to use reflection should show decreased religious belief. In line with that, previous research has consistently demonstrated a negative relationship between reflective thinking and religious belief. Another model, the Expressive Rationality Model (ERM), suggests that reflection serves an identity-protective function. Individuals who perceive a topic as relevant to their social identity might use reflection to reinforce their beliefs about that topic. Despite the substantial support for the DPM in current literature, previous studies have not recruited a sample of identity groups that are equally represented to test both the DPM and the ERM. In this study, we recruited a large number of both religious believers (n = 580) and non-believers (n = 594), who were all American adults, to overcome this limitation. We used various measures of cognitive reflection to test the predictions of both models, investigating the relationship between these measures and belief in God and disbelief in evolution. In our full sample, all measures of reflection were negatively correlated with religious belief and disbelief in evolution. However, when the sample was divided into believers and non-believers, some negative correlations were observed to be significantly weaker for believers, which supports the ERM. Overall, our results mainly support the DPM's explanation, and the predictions of the ERM also appear to be detectable in our sample.
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Psikoloji, Bilişsel din bilimi, Bilişsel yansıma, Psychology, Cognitive science of religion, Cognitive reflection
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88