Islam in the United States after 9
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Date
2016
Authors
Aras, Murat
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Kadir Has Üniversitesi
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Abstract
Michel Foucault, toplum, bireyler, gruplar ve kurumlar arasındaki ilişkiler açısından, düşünce merkezine güç kavramını koyar. (Foucault 1972, 1979, 1980, 1982, 1995). Foucault, kurumların gruplar ve bireyler üzerinde gücünü nasıl uyguladığı ve bireylerin kendi kimliklerini doğrulayarak gücün etkilerine karşı nasıl direnç gösterdiğinden hareketle, gücün kurumların egemenliğinde olan ve birey ve gruplara karşı baskıcı bir şekilde kullanılan bir olgu olarak değerlendirilmesinin yanlış olduğu sonucuna varır. (Foucault 1995, 194). Foucault'ya göre gücün etkileri asla "dışlayan", "bastıran", "sansürleyen", "soyutlayan", "maskeleyen", "gizleyen" gibi olumsuz terimlerle nitelendirilmemelidir. Çünkü Foucault için güç, en radikal biçiminde dahi olumlu etkiler üreten, sadece baskıcı değil aynı zamanda üretken bir kavramdır. (Ibid.) 11 Eylül saldırıları sonrasında Dearborn'daki Müslümanlar yaşadıkları damgalanma, dışlanma, ayrımcılık, önyargı ve şiddete rağmen bireyselliklerini ve öz-farkındalıklarını kazandılar, ve kimliklerini yeni bir seviyeye yükselttiler. Sessiz kalmayı ve Amerikan hayatına asimile olmayı tercih eden bir önceki neslin aksine (Ali-Karamali 2012), yeni nesil Müslümanlar sosyal hayatta aktif roller almaya başladılar. Sık sık "Birleşik Devletlerin İslam Başkenti" olarak adlandırılan bir şehrin ve yeni kurulan Müslüman karşıtı protesto güzergâhında mutlaka ziyaret edilmesi gereken bir çekim merkezinin sakinleri olarak (Denvir 2012), 11 Eylül'ün etkilerine kendi kurumlarını, sosyal hizmet ve medya kanallarını kurmak, ve Şii ve Sünni Müslümanlar olarak farklılıklarına rağmen sosyal ve politik konularda topluca hareket etmek yoluyla direndiler. (Ewing 2008, 6). Sonuç olarak, aday gösterdikleri ilk Müslüman Kent Konseyi Başkanını ve meclis üyelerinin çoğunluğunu seçmeyi başardılar. Time Dergisi, her iki sonucun şehrin karmaşık ırksal tarihi göz önüne alındığında birer kilometre taşı olduğuna inanmaktadır. (Dias 2013). Bu bağlamda, Dearborn'daki Müslümanların 11 Eylül sonrası yaşadıkları gücün olumlu etkilerini ispatlamakta ve Foucault'nun iddialarını doğrulamaktadır.
Michel Foucault puts power at the center of his thinking, regarding the relations between society, individuals, groups and institutions. (Foucault 1972, 1979, 1980, 1982, 1995). By studying how various institutions exert their power on groups and individuals, and how individuals affirm their own identity and resist the effects of power, Foucault concludes that considering power as something that institutions possess and use oppressively against individuals and groups is completely wrong. (Foucault 1995, 194). According to Foucault, we must cease once and for all to describe the effects of power in negative terms; it "excludes", it "represses", it "censors", it "abstracts", it "masks", it "conceals." For Foucault power is not only oppressive but also productive, producing positive effects even in its most radical form. (Ibid.) Following 9/11, Muslims in Dearborn gained their individuality, became self-aware and elevated their identity to a new level despite the stigmatization, exclusion, discrimination, prejudice, violence and Islamophobia that they experienced. Unlike the previous generation who wanted to stay quiet and assimilate into American life (Ali-Karamali 2012), the new generation of Muslims are more active than ever. Residents of a city often called "The Islamic Capital of the United States", a center of attraction and a must-visit location on the newly established anti-Muslim protest circuit (Denvir 2012), Muslims in Dearborn resisted the effects of 9/11 by establishing their own institutions, social services and media channels, and acting collectively in social and political issues (Ewing 2008, 6) despite their differences as Shia and Sunni Muslims. As a result, they succeeded to elect their first Muslim candidate as the President of the Dearborn City Council and the majority of the council members. Time Magazine believes both results to be milestones, given the complicated racial history of the city. (Dias 2013). In this regard, the lives of Muslims in Dearborn following 9/11 is a demonstration of the positive effects of power and the confirmation of Foucault's assertions.
Michel Foucault puts power at the center of his thinking, regarding the relations between society, individuals, groups and institutions. (Foucault 1972, 1979, 1980, 1982, 1995). By studying how various institutions exert their power on groups and individuals, and how individuals affirm their own identity and resist the effects of power, Foucault concludes that considering power as something that institutions possess and use oppressively against individuals and groups is completely wrong. (Foucault 1995, 194). According to Foucault, we must cease once and for all to describe the effects of power in negative terms; it "excludes", it "represses", it "censors", it "abstracts", it "masks", it "conceals." For Foucault power is not only oppressive but also productive, producing positive effects even in its most radical form. (Ibid.) Following 9/11, Muslims in Dearborn gained their individuality, became self-aware and elevated their identity to a new level despite the stigmatization, exclusion, discrimination, prejudice, violence and Islamophobia that they experienced. Unlike the previous generation who wanted to stay quiet and assimilate into American life (Ali-Karamali 2012), the new generation of Muslims are more active than ever. Residents of a city often called "The Islamic Capital of the United States", a center of attraction and a must-visit location on the newly established anti-Muslim protest circuit (Denvir 2012), Muslims in Dearborn resisted the effects of 9/11 by establishing their own institutions, social services and media channels, and acting collectively in social and political issues (Ewing 2008, 6) despite their differences as Shia and Sunni Muslims. As a result, they succeeded to elect their first Muslim candidate as the President of the Dearborn City Council and the majority of the council members. Time Magazine believes both results to be milestones, given the complicated racial history of the city. (Dias 2013). In this regard, the lives of Muslims in Dearborn following 9/11 is a demonstration of the positive effects of power and the confirmation of Foucault's assertions.
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Amerikan Kültürü ve Edebiyatı, American Culture and Literature ; Din
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227