Enerji Sistemleri Mühendisliği Bölümü Koleksiyonu
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Article Citation Count: 4Energy in Turkey and Russia's Roller-Coaster Relationship(Seta Foundation, 2017) Ediger, Volkan S.; Durmaz, DuyguEnergy relations between Turkey and Russia provide an excellent example of how energy and politics interrelate in countries with a historically up-and-down relationship. Having started in the 1960s the two countries' energy relations gained a new dimension after 1991 with the intensification of pipeline politics. In the 2000s energy relations gained impetus owing to the leadership of Erdogan and Putin and reached an apex with the establishment of a cooperation council in 2010. Since 2011 Turkey's demands for gas price reduction and volume increase have dominated the agenda of the countries' energy talks. While Turkish-Russian relations have remained on shaky ground lately the signing of the Turkish Stream agreement in 2016 might be perceived as a positive step for closer energy relations.Book Part Citation Count: 2Geopolitics and Gas-Transit Security Through Pipelines(Springer International Publishing, 2020) Ediger, Volkan S.; Bowlus, John V.; Aydın, MustafaHydrocarbons are valuable only if they can be transited from where they are produced to where they are consumed. Despite the enduring importance of transit to the global energy system, the topic did not begin to be extensively analyzed until contentious relations between Russia and Ukraine disrupted natural gas flows to Europe in 2006. This chapter examines the geopolitics and security of transiting gas through pipelines by exploring the connection between geography, global energy strategies, and natural gas markets. Gas has grown in recent years as a percentage of global energy consumption and is helping the world transition to a cleaner energy regime. At the same time, it is intensifying the contest for and control of gas-transit routes. Russia, the world’s second-largest producer, has built new pipelines to Europe since 2006 in order to diversify its flow from relying on Ukraine, while the USA, the world’s largest gas producer, is increasingly exporting liquefied natural gas (LNG) through sea routes mostly controlled by the US navy. We argue that geostrategic calculations will more profoundly affect gas transit in the future and that countries that rely solely on market or commercial factors for their gas-transit security will become increasingly vulnerable to geopolitical volatility.Conference Object Citation Count: 0Book Part Citation Count: 7Geostrategic Challenges in the Oil and Gas Sectors(Springer International Publishing, 2018) Ediger, Volkan S.; Berk, IstemiThis chapter identifies the major geostrategic challenges that have emerged during the last two decades and assesses their implications for the global oil and gas sectors. The historical development of oil prices shows that there have been two major periods of volatility 1973-1986 and 1998-present each of which was preceded by two relatively stable periods. The two oil price shocks of the 1970s that were triggered by geopolitical events had long-term effects on global politics and economics. Major oil and gas producers faced the challenges of declining consumption on the demand side as consumers turned to alternative energies energy efficiency improved and non-Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) oil supplies increased. The crisis in the 2000s on the other hand had similar but more intense consequences deeply altering the structure of oil and gas markets. We identify two major challenges facing the oil and gas industry: energy substitution and resource scarcity. While the substitution of coal and renewables threatens to reduce oil and gas demand resource scarcity is expected to promote the development of unconventional hydrocarbon resources such as shale oil and gas and heavy oil. Unlike in the 1970s oil consumption did not decline when oil prices peaked in the 2000s. Moreover the recent fall in oil and gas prices created a fiscal challenge for conventional producers such as OPEC countries and non-OPEC countries like Russia and Mexico whose governmental budgets depend on export revenues. These fiscal challenges are expected to increase competition between national oil companies (NOCs) and international oil companies (IOCs) necessitating structural change in the governance of the industry. The NOCs are expected to continue dominating the industry and due to the increasing intervention of the corresponding governments the next decades could experience a rise in state capitalism not only in major oil and gas producing countries but also in the global energy business. © Springer International Publishing AG part of Springer Nature 2018.Article Citation Count: 9Greasing the Wheels: the Berlin-Baghdad Railway and Ottoman Oil, 1888?1907(Routledge Journals, Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2020) Ediger, Volkan S.; Bowlus, John V.In the 1880s, Germany cultivated an alliance with the Ottoman Empire that led to a concession to build one of history?s most storied, diplomatically contentious, and financially challenging infrastructure projects: the Berlin-Baghdad Railroad. While Germany had many goals in pursuing the project, oil was the only way to make the railroad economic. Drawing on Ottoman archival sources, this article examines the policies and strategies of Sultan Abd?lhamid II in relation to Germany?s attempt to develop Mesopotamian oil from German Emperor Wilhelm II?s visit to Istanbul in 1889 to the conclusion of Germany?s oil concession in 1906/7. It argues that Hamid pursued a pragmatic policy to develop and protect Ottoman oil from being dominated by the powers, especially the British Empire, and, in the process, seeks to reorient our understanding of great power interest in Middle East oil.Article Citation Count: 15A Historical Assessment of Turkey's Natural Gas Import Vulnerability(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2018) Berk, Istemi; Ediger, Volkan S.; Ediger, Volkan S.This article aims at evaluating the historical determinants and implications of Turkey's natural gas import dependency. We implement principle component analysis (PCA) methodology to construct a natural gas import vulnerability index (NGIVI) for the period between 1986 and 2014 using five factors: (1) the share of natural gas in primary energy consumption (2) the share of natural gas in primary energy imports (3) the non-diversification of natural gas import sources (4) the share of LNG in total natural gas imports and (5) natural gas import prices. Results reveal that the first two factors have always dominated the NGIVI while the others were consequential but different times. Turkey's NOM increased until 2008 when it peaked and remained relatively flat since then indicating neither an improvement nor a worsening in its vulnerability. We also compared the NGIVI with the oil import vulnerability index (OIVI) of Turkey constructed in 2011 by the authors. Although there has been a remarkable decline in the OIVI since the mid-1980s the NGIVI has remained high until the present day. This result could be attributed to Turkey's different historical experience in importing oil and natural gas. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Book Part Citation Count: 1Introduction: Energy Economics Finance and Geostrategy(Springer International Publishing, 2018) Dorsman, Andre B.; Ediger, Volkan S.; Karan, Mehmet BahaSince countries’ economic independence is based on energy security decisions on energy economy and financing are assessed mainly by geostrategic considerations. Economically optimal decisions are not enough regarding geostrategy. This situation makes it difficult to make decisions in energy markets and it creates considerable controversy. The role of financial markets is to measure the risk of this complex structure or energy projects and price them in financial basis. Understanding behavior of energy markets it is necessary to look at them on an event basis. The limited availability and unequal distribution of energy sources and different pricing and cost mechanism of energy supplies are hardening to arrive a simple solution. Therefore the research articles of this book are aimed to open new perspectives for the reader and researchers. © Springer International Publishing AG part of Springer Nature 2018.Article Citation Count: 30Lignite Resources of Turkey: Geology Reserves and Exploration History(Elsevier Science, 2014) Ediger, Volkan S.; Berk, Istemi; Kosebalaban, AyhanThis article aims to emphasize the importance of lignite which is the mostly used domestic energy source in the Turkish energy mix by briefly overviewing its geology reserves and exploration. Lignites are distributed in mostly continental sedimentary basins of Tertiary age all over the country. The lignite-bearing basins display the characteristics of different geological settings of which grabens and half-grabens are the most common ones especially in western Anatolia. The geological and chemical characteristics of Turkish lignites do not only create some important problems during mining and coal preparation but also make them unfavorable for consumption. However since they are the most valuable energy resource of the country they should benefit the economy in the most efficient and environmentally friendly way. Moreover two most important conclusions of this study are as follows: firstly reserve estimation practices in the country should definitely be revised to provide a more realistic evaluation of the country's lignite potential for developing medium- and long-term energy strategies and policies for decision- and policy-makers. Secondly exploration and development activities should be coordinated by a single institution most likely a government institution as has been the case for some 50 years. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Article Citation Count: 4THE NEW GEOPOLITICAL GAME IN THE CASPIAN REGION: AZERBAIJAN-TURKEY ENERGY RELATIONS(Turkish Policy Quarterly, 2016) Ediger, Volkan S.; Durmaz, DuyguThe Caspian Basin has been one of the most important geopolitical scenes since the dissolution of the Soviet Union. The historical development of the basin in the last decade and a half provides us with some important clues about the dynamics of the new energy geopolitics. This article aims to examine geopolitical events that have occurred in connection with the hydrocarbon riches of the basin from a historical perspective. The focus of the article is mainly on the energy upstream and midstream projects developed between Turkey and the Caspian states, especially Azerbaijan. These significant events are investigated as part of nine "game" concepts. After examining these games thoroughly, the winners are listed according to their degrees with a discussion of results and possible conclusions.Article Citation Count: 56Transition and Equilibration of Neutral Atmospheric Boundary Layer Flow in One-Way Nested Large-Eddy Simulations Using the Weather Research and Forecasting Model(2013) Mirocha, Jeffrey D.; Kirkil, Gökhan; Bou-Zeid, Elie; Chow, Fotini Katopodes; Kosovic, BrankoThe Weather Research and Forecasting Model permits finescale large-eddy simulations (LES) to be nested within coarser simulations an approach that can generatemore accurate turbulence statistics and improve other aspects of simulated flows.However errors are introduced into the finer domain fromthe nestingmethodology. Comparing nested domain flat-terrain simulations of the neutral atmospheric boundary layer with singledomain simulations using the same mesh but instead using periodic lateral boundary conditions reveals the errors contributed to the nested solution from the parent domain and nest interfaces. Comparison of velocity spectra shows good agreement among higher frequencies but greater power predicted on the nested domain at lower frequencies. Profiles of meanwind speed show significant near-surface deficits near the inflowboundaries but equilibrate to improved values with distance. Profiles of the vertical flux of x momentum show significant underprediction by the nested domain close to the surface and near the inlet boundaries. While these underpredictions of the stresses which cause the near-surface velocity deficits attenuate with distance within the nested domains significant errors remain throughout. Profiles of the resolved turbulence kinetic energy show considerable deviations from their single-domain values throughout the nested domains. The authors examine the accuracy of these parameters and their sensitivities to the turbulence subfilter stress model mesh resolution and grid aspect ratio and provide guidance to practitioners of nested LES. © 2013 American Meteorological Society.
