Biyoinformatik ve Genetik Bölümü Koleksiyonu

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Citation - WoS: 54
Citation - Scopus: 66
Synthesis Molecular Modeling in Vivo Study and Anticancer Activity of 124-Triazole Containing Hydrazide-Hydrazones Derived From (s)-Naproxen
(Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, 2019) Han, Muhammed İhsan; Bekçi, Hatice; Uba, Abdullahi İbrahim; Yıldırım, Yeliz; Karasulu, Ercüment; Cumaoğlu, Ahmet; Karasulu, Hatice Y.; Yelekçi, Kemal; Yılmaz, Ozguer; Küçükgüzel, Şükriye Güniz
A new series of 124-triazole containing hydrazide-hydrazones derived from (S)-naproxen (7a-m) was synthesized in this study. The structures of these compounds were characterized by spectral (Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy H-1-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) C-13-NMR and high-resolution electron ionization mass spectrometry) methods. Furthermore molecular modeling of these compounds was studied on human methionine aminopeptidase-2. All synthesized compounds were screened for anticancer activity against three prostate cancer cell lines (PC3 DU-145 and LNCaP) using the 3-(45-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium colorimetric method. Compound 7a showed the best activity against the PC3 DU-145 and LNCaP cancer cell lines with IC50 values of 26.0 34.5 and 48.8 mu M respectively. Compounds 7b 7k and 7m showed anticancer activity against cancer cell lines PC3 and DU-145 with IC50 values of 43.0 36.5 29.3 mu M and 49.8 49.1 31.6 mu M respectively. Compounds 7f and 7g showed anticancer activity against PC3 cells with IC50 values of 43.4 and 34.5 mu M respectively. To assess the biodistribution in mice of IRDye800 dye-labeled compound 7a or 100 mu M of free dye was injected intravenously into the mice's tail. In vivo images were taken with in vivo imaging system spectrum device at 60 120 180 240 300 and 360 min after injection. At the end of 360 min ex vivo studies were carried out to determine in which organs the dye was accumulated in the urogenital system. Ex vivo studies showed that the accumulation of compound 7a in the prostate is greater than that of the free dye and it is concluded that compound 7a may be promising for the treatment of prostate cancer..
Citation - WoS: 25
Citation - Scopus: 26
How an Inhibitor Bound To Subunit Interface Alters Triosephosphate Isomerase Dynamics
(Cell Press, 2015) Kürkçüoğlu, Zeynep; Fındık, Doğa; Akdoğan, Ebru Demet; Doruker, Pemra
The tunnel region at triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)'s dimer interface distant from its catalytic site is a target site for certain benzothiazole derivatives that inhibit TIM's catalytic activity in Trypanosoma cruzi the parasite that causes Chagas disease. We performed multiple 100-ns molecular-dynamics (MD) simulations and elastic network modeling (ENM) on both apo and complex structures to shed light on the still unclear inhibitory mechanism of one such inhibitor named bt10. Within the time frame of our MD simulations we observed stabilization of aromatic clusters at the dimer interface and enhancement of intersubunit hydrogen bonds in the presence of bt10 which point to an allosteric effect rather than destabilization of the dimeric structure. The collective dynamics dictated by the topology of TIM is known to facilitate the closure of its catalytic loop over the active site that is critical for substrate entrance and product release. We incorporated the ligand's effect on vibrational dynamics by applying mixed coarse-grained ENM to each one of 54000 MD snapshots. Using this computationally efficient technique we observed altered collective modes and positive shifts in eigenvalues due to the constraining effect of bt10 binding. Accordingly we observed allosteric changes in the catalytic loop's dynamics flexibility and correlations as well as the solvent exposure of catalytic residues. A newly (to our knowledge) introduced technique that performs residue-based ENM scanning of TIM revealed the tunnel region as a key binding site that can alter global dynamics of the enzyme.
Citation - WoS: 4
Citation - Scopus: 4
Temperature Dependence of Oxygen Diffusion Into Polymer/Carbon Nanotube Composite Films
(Wiley-Blackwell, 2012) Yargı, Önder; Uğur, Şaziye; Pekcan, Önder
This study examines the transport properties of polystyrene (PS)/multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWNT) composite films taking into consideration both MWNT composition and temperature via fluorescence technique. Three different (3 15 and 40 wt%) MWNT content films were prepared from PS/MWNT mixtures by annealing them at 170 degrees C above the glass transition temperature of PS for 10 min. The diffusivity of the PS/MWNT composite was determined by performing oxygen (O2) diffusion measurements within a temperature range of 24 to 70 degrees C for each film and pyrene (P) was used as the fluorescent probe. The diffusion coefficients (D) of oxygen were determined by the fluorescence quenching method assuming Fickian transport. Results indicated that D values are strongly dependent on both temperature and the MWNT content in the film and it was also observed that D coefficients obey Arrhenius behavior from which diffusion energies were produced and increased along with increases of MWNT content. POLYM. ENG. SCI. 2012. (C) 2011 Society of Plastics Engineers
Citation - WoS: 6
Citation - Scopus: 6
Temperature Effect on the Swelling of Paam-Kappa Composites
(Wiley-Blackwell, 2012) Evingür, Gülşen Akin; Pekcan, Önder
The steady-state fluorescence (SSF) technique was used for studying swelling of disc-shaped polyacrylamide (PAAm)-kappa-carrageenan (kappa C) composites which were prepared by free-radical crosslinking copolymerization at 80 degrees C. Pyranine was introduced as a fluorescence probe during polymerization. Swelling experiments were performed in water at various temperatures by real-time monitoring of the pyranine (Py) fluorescence intensity I which decreased as swelling proceeded. Stern-Volmer equation is modified for low quenching efficiencies to interpret the behavior of Py intensity during the swelling of PAAm-kappa C composites. The Li-Tanaka equation was used to determine the swelling time constants tau(1) and cooperative diffusion coefficients D(0) from fluorescence intensity weight and volume variations of the composites at various temperatures. It was observed that tau(1) first decreased up to 40 degrees C and then increased
Citation - WoS: 5
Citation - Scopus: 7
Molecular Docking Study Based on Pharmacophore Modeling for Novel Phosphodiesteraseiv Inhibitors
(Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, 2012) Cifci, Gulsah; Aviyente, Viktorya; Akten, Ebru Demet
In this study pharmacophore modelling was carried out for novel PhosphodiesteraseIV (PDEIV) inhibitors. A pharmacophore-based virtual screening which resulted in 1959 hit compounds was performed with six chemical databases. The pharmacophore screening was proven to be successful in discriminating active and inactive inhibitors using a set of compounds with known activity obtained from ChEMBL database. Furthermore the Lipinskis rule of five was applied for physicochemical filtering of the hit molecules and this yielded 1840 compounds. Three docking software tools AutoDock 4.0 AutoDock Vina and Gold v5.1 were used for the docking process. All 1840 compounds and the known selective inhibitor rolipram were docked into the active site of the target protein. A total of 234 compounds with all three scoring values higher than those of rolipram were determined with the three docking tools. The interaction maps of 14 potent inhibitors complexed with PDEIV B and D isoforms have been analyzed and seven key residues (Asn 395 Gln 443 Tyr 233 Ile 410 Phe 446 Asp 392 Thr 407) were found to interact with more than 80?% of the potent inhibitors. For each one of the 234 hit compounds using the bound conformation with the highest AutoDock score the interacting residues were determined. 117 out of 234 compounds are found to interact with at least five of the seven key residues and these were selected for further evaluation. The conformation with the highest AutoDock score for each 117 compounds were rescored using the DSX scoring function. This yielded a total of 101 compounds with better score values than the natural ligand rolipram. For ADME/TOX calculations the FAF-Drugs2 server was used and 32 out of 101 compounds were found to be non-toxic.
Citation - WoS: 6
Citation - Scopus: 6
Study of Thermal Phase Transitions in Iota Carrageenan Gels Via Fluorescence Technique
(Wiley-Blackwell, 2011) Tari, Ozlem; Kara, Selim; Pekcan, Önder
The effect of carrageenan concentration on thermal phase transitions of the iota carrageenan gels was investigated by using fluorescence technique. During heating and cooling processes scattered light I(sc) and fluorescence intensity I(p) were monitored against temperature to investigate phase transitions. Transition temperatures from the derivative of the transition paths were determined. Two regions were observed during the heating and cooling processes. At the first step of the heating dimers were converted into double helix by undergoing dimer to double helix (d-h) transition. At the higher temperature region double helix to coil (h-c) transition took place. During the cooling process these transitions are arranged in the order of coil to double helix (c-h) and double helix to dimer (h-d). A hysteresis was observed between (h-d) and (d-h) transitions. The critical gel fraction exponents beta were found to be independent of the system by indicating that they all fall into the same universality class. (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 121: 2652-2661 2011
Citation - WoS: 15
Citation - Scopus: 17
Crystallographic Structure Versus Homology Model: a Case Study of Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Human and Zebrafish Histone Deacetylase 10
(Taylor & Francis, 2020) Uba, Abdullahi İbrahim; Yelekçi, Kemal
Histone deacetylase (HDAC) 10 has been implicated in the pathology of various cancers and neurodegenerative disorders, making the discovery of novel inhibitors of the isoform an important endeavor. However, the unavailability of crystallographic structure of human HDAC10 (hHDAC10) hinders structure-based drug design effort. Previously, we reported the homology modeled structure of human HDAC10 built using the crystallographic structure of Danio rerio (zebrafish) HDAC10 (zHDAC10) (Protein Data Bank (PDB) ID; 5TD7, released on 24 May 2017) as a template. Here, in continuation with our study, both hHDAC10 and zHDAC10, and their respective complexes with trichostatin A (TSA), quisinostat, and the native ligand (in 5TD7), 7-[(3-aminopropyl)amino]-1,1,1-trifluoroheptane-2,2-diol (PDB ID; FKS) were submitted to 100 ns-long unrestrained molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Comparative analyses of the MD trajectories revealed that zHDAC10 and its complexes displayed higher stability than hHDAC10 and its corresponding complexes over time. Nonetheless, docking of active and inactive set molecules revealed that more reliable conformations of hHDAC10 could be obtained at an extended time period. This study may shed more light on the reliability of hHDAC10 modeled structure for use in selective inhibitor design.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
Citation - WoS: 11
Citation - Scopus: 14
Effect of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube (mwnt) on the Behavior of Swelling of Polyacrylamide-Mwnt Composites
(Sage Publications Ltd, 2014) Evingür, Gülşen Akin; Pekcan, Önder
The purpose of this paper is to discuss the role of multiwalled carbon nanotube in the swelling of polyacrylamide-multiwalled carbon nanotube composites. Swelling experiments were performed in water at various temperatures by real-time monitoring of the decrease in pyranine (Py) and emission light intensity (I-em). The Stern-Volmer equation is modified for low-quenching efficiencies to interpret the behavior of pyranine intensity during the swelling of polyacrylamide-multiwalled carbon nanotube composites. The Li-Tanaka equation was used to determine the swelling time constants tau and cooperative diffusion coefficients D from fluorescence intensity weight and volume variations of the composite at various temperatures. It was observed that when tau decreased naturally D increased by increasing temperatures.
Citation - WoS: 6
Citation - Scopus: 6
A Comparison of Fluorescence and Uv-Visible Spectrometry Techniques for Thermal Phase Transitions of Agarose Gels
(Springer, 2015) Arda, Ertan; Kara, Selim; Mergen, Ömer Bahadır; Pekcan, Önder
In this study thermoreversible phase transitions of high (HMP) and low (LMP) melting point agarose gels were investigated by using the UV-vis and fluorescence spectroscopy techniques. Pyranine was added to the aqueous solution of agarose as a fluorescence-probe. Transmitted light (I (tr)) and fluorescence emission (I (fl)) intensities from the gel samples with different agarose concentrations were monitored during the heating (gel-sol) and cooling (sol-gel) processes. For the both techniques gel-sol (T (gs)) and sol-gel (T (sg)) transition temperatures were determined from the first derivatives of the sigmoidal transition paths. It was observed that the critical transition temperatures obtained from UV-vis and fluorescence data slightly increased depending on the agarose type and concentration and those values were found to be in accord with each other. Transition activation energies were determined using the Arrhenius type equation and were found to be strongly correlated with the agarose content in the gel system. The produced gel-sol (Delta E (gs)) and sol-gel (Delta E (sg)) transition energies from the fluorescence data were found to be lower than that of the UV-vis data which was attributed to the temperature-dependent fluorescence quenching effect.
Docking-Based Virtual Screening for Potential Activity Against Bacterial Pyruvate Kinase
(Springer, 2017) Ergün, Çağla; Akten, Ebru Demet; Doruker, Pemra
[Abstract Not Available]
Citation - WoS: 1
Citation - Scopus: 1
Assessing Protein-Ligand Binding Modes With Computational Tools: the Case of Pde4b
(Springer, 2017) Çifii, Gülşah; Aviyente, Viktorya; Akten, Ebru Demet; Monard, Gerald
In a first step in the discovery of novel potent inhibitor structures for the PDE4B family with limited side effects we present a protocol to rank newly designed molecules through the estimation of their IC values. Our protocol is based on reproducing the linear relationship between the logarithm of experimental IC values [(IC)] and their calculated binding free energies (). From 13 known PDE4B inhibitors we show here that (1) binding free energies obtained after a docking process by AutoDock are not accurate enough to reproduce this linear relationship
Citation - WoS: 22
Citation - Scopus: 21
Synthesis Anticancer Activity and Molecular Modeling of Etodolac-Thioether Derivatives as Potent Methionine Aminopeptidase (type Ii) Inhibitors
(Wiley, 2018) Çoruh, Işıl; Çevik, Ozge; Yelekçi, Kemal; Djikic, Teodora; Küçükgüzel, Şükriye Güniz
A series of (RS)-1-{[5-(substituted)sulfanyl-4-substituted-4H-124-triazole-3-yl]methyl}-18-diethyl-1349-tetrahydropyrano[34-b]indoles (5a-v) were designed and synthesized using a five-step synthetic protocol that involves substituted benzyl chlorides and (RS)-5-[(18-diethyl-1349-tetrahydropyrano[34-b]indole-1-yl)methyl]-4-substituted-24-dihydro-3H-124-triazole-3-thiones in the final step. The synthesized derivatives were evaluated for cytotoxicity and anticancer activity in vitro using the MTT (3-(45-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-25-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) colorimetric method against VERO HEPG2 (human hepatocellular liver carcinoma) SKOV3 (ovarian carcinoma) MCF7 (human breast adenocarcinoma) PC3 and DU145 (prostate carcinoma) cells at 10(-5)M (10M) for 24h. Compounds 5d and 5h showed the best biological potency against the SKOV3 cancer cell line (IC50=7.22 and 5.10M respectively) and did not display cytotoxicity toward VERO cells compared to etodolac. Compounds 5k 5s and 5v showed the most potent biological activity against the PC3 cancer cell line (IC50=8.18 3.10 and 4.00M respectively) and did not display cytotoxicity. Moreover these compounds were evaluated for caspase-3 -9 and -8 protein expression and activation in the apoptosis pathway for 6 12 and 24h which play a key role in the treatment of cancer. In this study we also investigated the apoptotic mechanism and molecular modeling of compounds 5k and 5v on the methionine aminopeptidase (type II) enzyme active site in order to get insights into the binding mode and energy.
Citation - Scopus: 23
The Drosophila Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein Participates in the Pirna Pathway
(Company of Biologists Ltd, 2015) Bozzetti, Maria Pia; Specchia, Valeria; Cattenoz, Pierre B.; Laneve, Pietro; Geusa, Annamaria; Şahin, H. Bahar; Di Tommaso, Silvia D.; Friscini, Antonella; Massari, Serafina; Diebold, Celine; Giangrande, Angela
RNA metabolism controls multiple biological processes and a specific class of small RNAs called piRNAs act as genome guardians by silencing the expression of transposons and repetitive sequences in the gonads. Defects in the piRNA pathway affect genome integrity and fertility. The possible implications in physiopathological mechanisms of human diseases have made the piRNA pathway the object of intense investigation and recent work suggests that there is a role for this pathway in somatic processes including synaptic plasticity. The RNA-binding fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP also known as FMR1) controls translation and its loss triggers the most frequent syndromic form of mental retardation as well as gonadal defects in humans. Here we demonstrate for the first time that germline as well as somatic expression of Drosophila Fmr1 (denoted dFmr1) the Drosophila ortholog of FMRP are necessary in a pathway mediated by piRNAs. Moreover dFmr1 interacts genetically and biochemically with Aubergine an Argonaute protein and a key player in this pathway. Our data provide novel perspectives for understanding the phenotypes observed in Fragile X patients and support the view that piRNAs might be at work in the nervous system. © 2015.
Citation - WoS: 5
Citation - Scopus: 5
Discovery of High Affinity Ligands for Beta(2)-Adrenergic Receptor Through Pharmacophore-Based High-Throughput Virtual Screening and Docking
(Elsevier Science Inc, 2014) Yakar, Rüya; Akten, Ebru Demet
Novel high affinity compounds for human beta(2)-adrenergic receptor (beta(2)-AR) were searched among the clean drug-like subset of ZINC database consisting of 9928465 molecules that satisfy the Lipinski's rule of five. The screening protocol consisted of a high-throughput pharmacophore screening followed by an extensive amount of docking and rescoring. The pharmacophore model was composed of key features shared by all five inactive states of beta(2)-AR in complex with inverse agonists and antagonists. To test the discriminatory power of the pharmacophore model a small-scale screening was initially performed on a database consisting of 117 compounds of which 53 antagonists were taken as active inhibitors and 64 agonists as inactive inhibitors. Accordingly 7.3% of the ZINC database subset (729413 compounds) satisfied the pharmacophore requirements along with 44 antagonists and 17 agonists. Afterwards all these hit compounds were docked to the inactive apo form of the receptor using various docking and scoring protocols. Following each docking experiment the best pose was further evaluated based on the existence of key residues for antagonist binding in its vicinity. After final evaluations based on the human intestinal absorption (HIA) and the blood brain barrier (BBB) penetration properties 62 hit compounds have been clustered based on their structural similarity and as a result four scaffolds were revealed. Two of these scaffolds were also observed in three high affinity compounds with experimentally known K-i values. Moreover novel chemical compounds with distinct structures have been determined as potential beta(2)-AR drug candidates. (C) 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Citation - WoS: 3
Citation - Scopus: 4
Gelation of Paam-Pvp Composites: a Fluorescence Study
(World Scientific, 2014) Evingür, Gülşen Akin; Kaygusuz, Hakan; Erim, F. Bedia; Pekcan, Önder
Hybrid hydrogels are a new class of composite materials. Polyacrylamide (PAAm) hydrogels are mainly produced by free radical crosslinking copolymerization (FCC) of AAm in the presence of N N'-methylene bis (acrylamide) (BIS) as the crosslinker. Pyranine doped PAAm-poly (N-vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) composite were prepared with different amounts of PVP varying in the range between 0.0015 and 0.1 gr. It was observed that pyranine molecules as a fluoroprobe bind to AAm and PVP chains upon the initiation of the polymerization causing the fluorescence spectra of the bonded pyranines shift to the shorter wavelengths. The sol-gel phase transition and its universality were monitored and tested as a function of PVP contents. Observations around the critical point show that the gel fraction exponent beta agreed with the percolation result for below 0.025 gr PVP contents. However classical result was observed above 0.0125 gr PVP content.
Citation - WoS: 5
Citation - Scopus: 6
Effect of Lcst on the Swelling of Paam-Nipa Copolymers: a Fluorescence Study
(Springer, 2012) Evingür, Gülşen Akin; Pekcan, Önder
Temperature sensitive copolymers were prepared by free radical crosslinking copolymerization in aqueous solution with different molar percentage of N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPA) and acrylamide (AAm) monomers. NN'-methylenebis (acrylamide) (BIS) and ammonium persulfate (APS) were used as a crosslinker and an initiator respectively. The steady-state fluorescence (SSF) technique was used to determine the low critical phase transition temperature (LCST) for PAAm-NIPA copolymers. Swelling experiments were performed in water at various temperatures by real time monitoring of pyranine (Py) fluorescence intensity I which decreased as swelling proceeded. The Stern-Volmer equation is modified for low quenching efficiencies to interpret the behavior of pyranine intensity during the swelling of PAAm-NIPA copolymers. The Li-Tanaka equation was used to determine the swelling time constants tau (1) and the cooperative diffusion coefficients D (0) from fluorescence intensity weight and volume variations of the copolymers at various temperatures. It was observed that tau (1) first increased up to LCST and then decreased
Citation - WoS: 22
Citation - Scopus: 22
Gelation Mechanisms
(World Scientific Publ Co Pte Ltd, 2012) Pekcan, Önder; Kara, Selim
In this paper, we survey the gelation mechanisms for various polymeric systems which are classified by the type and the strength of the cross-linkages. These are the "irreversible" gels that are cross-linked chemically by covalent bonds and the "reversible" gels that are cross-linked physically by hydrogen or ionic bonds and by the physical entanglement of polymer chains. Some of the natural polymer gels fall into the class of physical gels, among which the red algae that has attracted attention for various applications is discussed in detail. Various composite gels, formed from mixture of physical and chemical gels are also discussed in the last section of the article. Theoretical models describe the gelation as a process of random linking of subunits to larger and larger molecules by formation of an infinite network, where no matter what type of objects are linked, there is always a critical "gel point" at which the system behaves neither as a liquid nor as a solid on any length scale. The Flory-Stockmayer theory and percolation theory provide bases for modeling this sol-gel phase transition. The experimental techniques for measuring the critical exponents for sol-gel phase transitions in different polymeric systems are introduced and the validation of various theoretical predictions are surveyed.
Investigation of Intrinsic Dynamics and Allosteric Coupling in Human Beta 2-Adrenergic Receptor
(Springer, 2017) Özcan, Özer; Özgür, Canan; Doruker, Pemra; Akten, Ebru Demet
[Abstract Not Available]
Citation - WoS: 8
Citation - Scopus: 12
In Silico Identification of Novel and Selective Monoamine Oxidase B Inhibitors
(SPRINGER WIEN, 2013) Yelekçi, Kemal; Büyüktürk, Bora; Kayrak, Nurdan
Monoamine oxidases (MAO) A and B are flavin adenine dinucleotides containing enzymes bound to the mitochondrial outer membranes of the cells of the brain liver intestine and placenta as well as platelets. Recently selective MAO-B inhibitors have received increasing attention due to their neuroprotective properties and the multiple roles they can play in the therapy of neurodegenerative disorders. This study was based on 10 scaffolds that were selected from more than a million lead compounds in the ZINCv12 lead library for their structural and physicochemical properties which inhibit MAO-B. Utilizing ZINC and Accelrys 3.1 fragment-based libraries which contain about 400 thousand fragments we generated 200 potential candidates. GOLD LibDock and AutoDock 4.02 were used to identify the inhibition constants and their position in the active sites of both MAO isozymes. The dispositions of the candidate molecules within the organism were checked with ADMET PSA 2D (polar surface area) against ADMET AlogP98 (the logarithm of the partition coefficient between n-octanol and water). The MAO-B inhibition activities of the candidates were compared with the properties of rasagiline which is known to be a selective inhibitor of MAO-B.
Citation - WoS: 4
Citation - Scopus: 4
Diffusion Energies of Oxygen Diffusing Into Polystyrene (ps)/Poly (n-Isopropylacrylamide) Composites
(Wiley-Blackwell, 2012) Yargı, Önder; Ugur, Saziye; Pekcan, Önder
Diffusion coefficient of oxygen penetrating into polystyrene (PS) latex/poly (N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) microgel composite films were measured using Fluorescence technique. Three different (5 15 and 40wt%) PS content films were prepared from PS/PNIPAM mixtures. Diffusivity of PS/PNIPAM composite films were studied by diffusion measurements which were performed over the temperature range of 24-70 degrees C. Pyrene was used as the fluorescent probe. The diffusion coefficients (D) of oxygen were determined using the SternVolmer fluorescence quenching method combined with Fickian transport and were computed as a function of temperature for each PS content film. The results showed that D values were strongly dependent on both temperature and PS content in the film. Diffusion energies were measured and found to be dependent on the composition of the composite films. Copyright (C) 2011 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

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