Ekonomi Bölümü Koleksiyonu

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://gcris.khas.edu.tr/handle/20.500.12469/57

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Citation Count: 0
2000’li Yıllarda Yapısal Dönüşüm ve Emeğin Durumu
(DİSK Birleşik Metal-İş, 2019) Orhangazi, Özgür
Türkiye ekonomisi 2000’li yıllarda büyük bir yapısal dönüşüm yaşamış ve tarımın milli gelir ve istihdam içerisindeki payı hızlı bir biçimde düşmüştür. Bu süreçte proleterleşme artmış ve Türkiye giderek daha fazla bir ‘ücretliler toplumu’ haline gelmiştir. Ne var ki ekonominin ve özellikle sanayi sektörünün istihdam yaratma kapasitesi görece düşük kalmıştır. Bunun sonucu yüksek işsizlik oranları ve düşük işgücüne katılma oranları olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Dış sermaye girişlerine bağımlı, borç artışına dayanan, inşaat odaklı bir büyüme modelinin hakim olduğu ve uygun istihdam ve sanayi politikalarının geliştiril(e)mediği bu dönemde istihdam ağırlıklı olarak üretkenliği düşük hizmetler sektöründe yoğunlaşmıştır. İşgücü piyasalarının temel özellikleri olarak işsizlik oranlarının yüksek olması, yedek işgücü ordusunun genişliği ile sendikalaşma ve toplu iş sözleşmesi oranlarının oldukça düşük olması öne çıkmıştır. Aynı zamanda işgücü piyasaları giderek güvencesizleştirilerek taşeronlaşma ve esnek istihdam biçimleri yaygınlaştırılmaya çalışmıştır. Bu dönemde yine de reel ücretlerde belirli bir yükselme gözlemlense de bu, verimlik artışının ve dolayısıyla GSYH artışının gerisinde kalmıştır.
Citation Count: 3
An Applied Analysis for Whether the Relation Between Innovation and Foreign Direct Investment Is Vicious for Turkey After the Early 1980s
(Elsevier Science Bv, 2016) Doruk, Ömer Tuğsal
The relation between innovation and foreign direct investment (FDI) is investigated in this paper by using time series Vector Autoregression (VAR) method. The main research question of the paper is whether FDI contributes on development of innovation in Turkey or vice versa. In Turkey after the structural transformations in Turkish economy export led growth is taken as vein that feeds to the economic development and thus importance of foreign direct investments have been increasing in the post-1980 period. The obtained findings show that FDI has not been contributing to innovation
Citation Count: 52
Assessing the Importance of International Tourism for the Turkish Economy: a Social Accounting Matrix Analysis
(Elsevier Science, 2012) Akkemik, K. Ali; Akkemik, K. Ali
The international tourism sector has grown rapidly in Turkey since the 1980s and Turkey ranks among the top ten countries in terms of tourist arrivals and receipts. Previous studies on international tourism in Turkey are partial equilibrium studies which emphasized the importance of the sector for foreign exchange earnings employment creation and economic growth. The social accounting matrix (SAM) modeling approach is superior to partial equilibrium analysis as it takes into account intersectoral linkages. This paper analyzes the contribution of international tourism to the Turkish economy using two SAMs for 1996 and 2002 respectively. Two analyses are conducted using the SAM impact model: (i) sectoral comparison of GDP elasticities and (ii) SAM impact analysis of international tourism on output value-added and employment. The results show that the GDP elasticity of international tourism is relatively low and the impact of foreign tourist expenditures on domestic production value-added (GDP) and employment in Turkey are modest. The results imply the possibility of leakage of foreign tourist expenditures out of the economy. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Citation Count: 1
Bankaların Operasyonel Risk Yönetimi Olgunluk Seviyelerinin Oryos Endeksi ile Ölçülmesi ve Basel Iı Kriterlerine Göre Sermaye Yeterlilik Oranının Hesaplanmasında Bir Değişken Olarak Kullanılması
(Marmara Üniversitesi, Sos. Bil. Enst., 2012) Aykın, Hasan
Bu çalışmada, finansal kurumlarca önemi son yıllarda daha iyi anlaşılan ve gittikçe daha da artan operasyonel riskin yönetimi ele alınmış olup, sayısallaştırılması diğer riskler gibi kolay olmayan bu riskler için olgunluk modeli kullanılarak bankalar için “Operasyonel Risk Yönetimi Olgunluk Seviyesi” (ORYOS) endeksi hesaplanmıştır. Çalışmanın amacı iki noktada toplanmaktadır; bunlardan ilki, hesaplanan bu endeksle bankaların hem kendi hem de sektördeki seviyelerini daha iyi görebilmeleri, eksik noktalarını tespit edip kendilerine hedefler belirleyebilmeleridir. İkinci amaç ise bu endekse bağlı olarak belirlenecek “ORYOS Sermaye Yükümlülük Çarpanı” ile bankaların sermaye yeterlilik standart oranının hesabında bir düzeltme katsayısı olarak bankanın operasyonel risk yönetimi olgunluk seviyesinin dikkate alınmasını sağlayarak temel gösterge, standart yaklaşım ve alternatif standart yaklaşım kullanılarak yapılan sermaye yeterlilik hesabında daha gerçekçi bir ölçüm ortaya koymaktır.
Citation Count: 6
Between Anchors and Aspirations: a New Family of Bargaining Solutions
(Springer, 2019) Karagözoğlu, Emin; Keskin, Kerim; Özcan-Tok, Elif
We study the salience and power of reference points in determining the effective anchors and aspirations in bargaining problems. Along this line we enrich the analysis of the standard bargaining model with two new parameters: the first parameter can be interpreted as the effectiveness (or salience) of the reference point in determining the anchor whereas the second parameter can be interpreted as its effectiveness in shaping agents' aspirations. Utilizing these parameters we provide a unifying framework for the study of bargaining problems with a reference point. The two-parameter family of bargaining solutions we obtain encompasses some well-known solutions as special cases. We offer multiple characterizations for each individual member of this family as well as two characterizations for the whole solution family in bilateral bargaining problems.
Citation Count: 6
Can Law Impose Competition? a Critical Discussion and Evidence From the Turkish Electricity Generation Market
(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2014) Oğuz, Fuat; Akkemik, K. Ali; Göksal, Koray
Electricity markets have undergone regulatory reforms since the early 1980s around the world. Technical analyses of these reforms usually pay lip service to the influence of politics over regulatory processes. Existing studies examine certain aspects of the market such as demand pricing and efficiency and they touch upon political issues only passingly when economic models cannot provide sufficient explanation This approach problematically takes politics as an ad hoc variable. This study shows that electricity is intrinsically a 'political good' and argues that any meaningful reform effort should take institutions as the starting point rather than a residual. The argument that politics has to be an endogenous variable in any model aspiring to explain behavior in electricity markets is demonstrated in the paper. The evidence for the political good character of electricity is found by examining the Turkish regulatory reform for Which it is argued that there is not a satisfactory relationship between expected and realized gains. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Citation Count: 13
Capital Flows and Credit Expansions in Turkey
(Sage Publications Inc, 2014) Orhangazi, Özgür
Literature on capital flows identifies various channels through which capital inflows could create financial fragility and economic instability in developing and emerging economies. Domestic credit expansion is one such channel. Capital inflows can lead to rapid expansion of domestic credit even create credit bubbles and thus result in an increased fragility of the economy. I analyze the link between private capital inflows and bank credit to the private sector in the case of Turkey between 2003 and 2013 and ask whether surges in private capital inflows accelerate growth of credit. I employ a logit model to investigate the link between capital inflows and periods of rapid credit expansion. The findings suggest that net private capital inflows after controlling for other determinants of credit are positively correlated with periods of rapid credit expansion.
Citation Count: 7
Capitalism Crisis and Class: the United States Economy After the 2008 Financial Crisis
(Sage Publications Inc, 2014) Dufour, Mathieu; Orhangazi, Özgür
The literature on the outcomes of the financial crisis in low- and middle-income countries in the post-1980 era presents three broad findings: first the burden of crises falls disproportionately on labor in general and low-income segments of the society in particular. Wages and the labor share of income fall unemployment increases the power of labor declines and income inequality and poverty increase. Capital on the other hand recovers quickly and gains more ground. Second government policies favor capital especially financial capital at the expense of the larger public. Crises also present opportunities for further deregulation and liberalization in financial markets and the rest of the economy. Third following financial crises foreign capital inflows may increase as international capital seeks to take advantage of the crisis and acquire assets at fire-sale prices. The 2008 U.S. financial crisis provides an opportunity to extend this analysis to a leading high-income country. By examining the experience of the United States after the financial crisis in terms of the questions and issues typically raised in examinations of low- and middle-income countries this paper makes an original contribution while at the same time contributing to the gradually emerging literature on the consequences of the U.S. financial crisis. We first look at the distributional effects of the financial crisis and compare this with the impacts of the crisis on capital. Then we investigate the changes in income shares of labor and capital before shifting our attention to changes in inequality and poverty. Next we focus on the role of government policies through an analysis of government taxation and spending policies. Finally we examine the changes in capital inflows before concluding with a discussion of our overall findings and further research areas.
Citation Count: 0
Competition in Banking Sector
(Güven Plus Grup Danışmanlık A.Ş., 2012) Ekmekçioğlu, Safiye; Korkmaz, Murat; Ceylan, Nesrin; Yahyaoğlu, Güran; Günsel, İrfan
[Abstract Not Available]
Citation Count: 0
A Comprehensive Analysis of Managers Working in the Turkish Tourism Sector
(Cahit AYDEMİR, 2010) Kızıl, Ahmet; Güler, Fazıl; Ceylan, Cengiz; Kızıl, Cevdet; Keskin, Ayşe İrem; Buget, Püren
The primary objective of this paper is to determine whether the present managers of Turkish tourism sector perform their jobs in accordance with their qualifications. For this purpose, questionnaires were distributed to managers and responses were evaluated. The secondary purpose of this study is to identify if employees in tourism industry has the required qualifications. Also, if the sector has low efficiency, reasons are investigated. This study uses the survey method. Questionnaires were distributed to 222 managers in the tourism sector, who mainly work in Istanbul and Izmir. 183 managers in accommodation enterprises, 22 managers in travel agencies and 17 managers in food and beverage companies were interviewed face-to-face and questionnaire forms were filled. The survey includes 52 questions that collect information about managers and their organizations. The questionnaires should also test if the managers are in a fitting position and they use their authority properly.
Citation Count: 1
Contradictions of Capital Accumulation in the Age of Financialization
(Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd, 2016) Orhangazi, Özgür
[Abstract Not Available]
Citation Count: 0
Converse Tournaments
(Ege Univ Fac Economics & Admin Sciences, 2019) Keskin, Kerim
This paper proposes two alternatives to Clark and Riis (1998b)'s sequential model of nested multiple-prize contests. First we consider winning prizes endogenously determined by exerted contest efforts. Second we extend the model to infinitehorizon. We characterize the unique subgame perfect Nash equilibrium in both models and compare the equilibrium strategies with those in the original model.
Citation Count: 13
Detecting Structural Changes Using Wavelets
(Academic Press Inc Elsevier Science, 2015) Yazgan, M. Ege; Ozkan, Harun
We propose a powerful wavelet method to identify structural breaks in the mean of a process. If there is a structural change in the mean the sum of the squared scaling coefficients absorbs more variation leading to unequal weights for the variances of the wavelet and scaling coefficients. We use this feature of wavelets to design a statistical test for changes in the mean of an independently distributed process. We establish the limiting null distribution of our test and demonstrate that our test has good empirical size and substantive power relative to the existing alternatives especially for multiple breaks. (C) 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Citation Count: 1
An Econometric Analysis of Imported Timber Demand in Turkey
(WFL PUBL, 2013) Kayacan, Bekir; Kara, Oğuz; Ucal, Meltem Şengün; Öztürk, Atakan; Bali, Ramazan; Koçer, Sacit; Kaplan, Erdem
This paper attempts to understand and explain determinants of Turkish demand for foreign timber imported to Turkey. Explanatory variables in the propounded model include price of imported timber price of domestically-produced sawlog as an imperfect substitute income per capita country population and capacity utilization rates (CUR's) and industrial production indices (IPI's) of forest industry sectors. For empirical purpose we used a time series data covering the 15-year period between 1995 and 2009. The econometric model set for there appears to be able to explain more than 96% of the variation in demand for imported timber with all of the parameter estimates except for population parameter being statistically significant. Estimation results confirm the existence of the price elasticity and substitute cross-price elasticity of demand for imported timber. Results also imply that the Turkish firms importing timber tend to consider domestic sawlog prices as much as even more than the price of foreign timber. The hypothesized effects of production changes in wood products and furniture industries on imported timber demand do not appear to be substantiated by this study which can partly be attributed to the partial method of measuring CUR's and IPI's. Meanwhile possible effects of income population and exchange rate index of the Turkish currency on the imported timber demand of the country are not evidenced by the empirical findings of this research. Finally our model forecasts ceteris paribus that by 2016 the level of Turkish demand for imported timber demand can reasonably be expected to exceed 2 million m(3)/year. This corresponds to the level of timber import observed in the years preceding the global economic crisis in 2009.
Citation Count: 0
Electronic Money in 2000's
(Fırat Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 2004) Ucal, Meltem Şengün
Para, dünya ekonomilerinin tümü için gerekli bir araçtır. Buna karşın elektronik para da gelişmiş ülkeler için gerekli bir araç haline gelmiştir. Günümüzde internet ortamı yolu ile yapılan finansal hizmetlerdeki muameleler için elektronik para ve elektronik ödeme sistemleri oldukça popülerdir. Elektronik sistemlerde meydana gelen bu değişmeler ekonomik ortamda gerçekleşen perakende satış ödemelerinde geleneksel işlemlerin yanında iki yeni formu ortaya çıkarmıştır. Bunlar, bir kişisel bilgisayar ile evden veya işyerinden banka işlemleri yapmak ve elektronik nakit kullanımıdır. Söz konusu muameleler güvene dayalı gerçekleştirilir. Özellikle de teknolojilerin hızla değiştiği 2000’li yılları kat edeken, bu sistemde gerçekleşmesi gereken en önemli unsur elektronik paranın kanunlar çerçevesinde değerlendirilmesidir. Fakat Türkiye elektronik para sistemleri için henüz bir kanuni çerçeve çizmemiştir.
Citation Count: 24
Energy Consumption and Income in Chinese Provinces: Heterogeneous Panel Causality Analysis
(Elsevier Science, 2012) Akkemik, K. Ali; Göksal, Koray; Li, Jia
Recently energy production in China fell behind energy consumption. This poses important challenges for the rapidly growing Chinese economy. As a consequence the causal relationship between energy consumption and GDP is an important empirical issue. This paper examines Granger causality between energy consumption and GDP in China using province-level data. The current paper extends the Granger causality analysis employed in previous studies by taking into account panel heterogeneity. Specifically four different causal relationships are examined: homogeneous non-causality (HNC) homogeneous causality (HC) heterogeneous non-causality (HENC) and heterogeneous causality (HEC). HC and HNC hypotheses are rejected for causality in either direction from GDP to energy or from energy to GDP which implies that the panel made up of Chinese provinces is not homogeneous. Then heterogeneous causality tests (HEC ad HENC) are conducted for each province. For the causality running from GDP to energy 19 provinces exhibit HEC and 11 provinces exhibit HENC. For the causality running from energy to GDP 14 provinces exhibit HEC and 16 provinces exhibit HENC. The results suggest that the Chinese government should incorporate a regional perspective while formulating and implementing energy policies. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Citation Count: 54
Energy Consumption-Gdp Nexus: Heterogeneous Panel Causality Analysis
(Elsevier Science Bv, 2012) Akkemik, K. Ali; Göksal, Koray
Existing studies examining the Granger causality relationship between energy consumption and GDP use a panel of countries but implicitly assume that the panels are homogeneous. This paper extends the Granger causality relationship between energy consumption and GDP by taking into account panel heterogeneity. For this purpose we use a large panel of 79 countries for the period 1980-2007. Specifically we examine four different causal relationships: homogeneous non-causality homogeneous causality heterogeneous non-causality and heterogeneous causality. The results show that roughly seven-tenths of the countries exhibit bi-directional Granger causality two-tenths exhibit no Granger causality and one-tenths exhibit unidirectional Granger causality. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Citation Count: 10
Energy-Saving Behavior of Turkish Women: a Consumer Survey on the Use of Home Appliances
(Sage Publications Ltd, 2017) Ucal, Meltem Şengün
This paper focuses on energy-related attitudes and behaviors of Turkish women who are the main users of electrical home appliances responsible for most household energy consumption. Answers from 1323 female respondents surveyed through a unique questionnaire formed the dataset. The results from analysis of variance show that education has a significant effect on the relationship between energy saving and awareness and attitudes about climate change. Significant differences also exist between education level groups in terms of knowledge of the classification of energy-saving electrical home appliances. Responses to questions related to energy-saving purchasing behaviors are consistently higher for knowledgeable respondents. The paper then uses factor analysis and ordinal logit models to reveal interactions between energy-saving behavior regarding electrical home appliances and several factors namely awareness sensitivity essentials and receptiveness. The identification of these factors can provide useful insights for policy makers that enable them to construct energy-saving policies specifically tailored toward women.
Citation Count: 2
Ethnic Fractionalization Conflict and Educational Development in Turkey
(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2019) Oyvat, Cem; Tekgüç, Hasan
We examine the impact of ethnic fractionalization and conflict on limiting the educational development in Southeastern Turkey. Our estimates show that although the armed conflict in the region did not directly hinder education investments it reduced school enrolment rates at middle and high school levels while increasing enrolment at the primary school level. Moreover we show that provinces with higher percentages of Kurdish population received less education investment. These results suggest that the neglect of Kurdish areas is an important factor behind Southeastern Turkey's educational underdevelopment while land inequality and the armed conflict had mixed effects on education in the region.
Citation Count: 13
Gender and the Wage Gap in Turkish Academia
(Routledge Journals Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2015) Ucal, Meltem Şengün; O'Neil, Mary Lou; Toktaş, Şule
Turkey maintains one of the lowest female labour force participation rates in Europe but also boasts an above average number of female professors. Turkey is well above the European average (15 per cent) with approximately 28 per cent of full professorships being occupied by women. Despite these seemingly positive indications do men and women in Turkish academia earn the same wages? This study explores whether or not there exists a gendered pay gap in Turkish academia. Using data collected from a survey of more than 700 Turkish academics we observed that there is a gendered wage gap that disadvantages women but only at the highest pay levels found at private universities indicating the existence of intra-class inequality where men and women despite occupying the same class position are compensated differently.

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