İç Mimarlık ve Çevre Tasarımı Bölümü Koleksiyonu
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Book Başka Kayda Rastlanmadı(Salt/Garanti Kültür A.Ş., 2023) Agah Enes Yasa, Ahmet Ersoy, Ayşe Erek, Bülent Tanju, Cansu Yapıcı, Çağlar Fidan, Çiğdem Kafescioğlu, Ece Eldek, Efe Murad, Emirhan Altuner, Ezgi Sarıtaş, Gülce Özkara, Gürbey Hiz, İrvin Cemil Schick, Lorans Tanatar Baruh, Masum Yıldız, Mehmet Kendirci, Merve Ünsal, Murat Tülek, Nazım Dikbaş, Nurşen Gürboğa, Özge Ertem, Shirine Hamadeh, Tan Morgül, Yağmur Yıldırım, Yonca Güneş Yücel, Zehra Betül AtasoyTarihçi ve romancı Reşad Ekrem Koçu (1905-1975), 1944'te fasiküller hâlinde yayımlamaya başladığı ansiklopedisinde, kendi ifadesiyle İstanbul'un "muazzam kütüğü"nü oluşturur. Şehri kişi, yer, yapı, olay, âdet ve efsaneleri başta olmak üzere birçok yönüyle kayda geçirir. "Bundan sonra, üzerinde belki de ömrümü yıpratacağım" dediği İstanbul Ansiklopedisi için hayatının sonuna kadar çalışmaya devam eder. Başka Kayda Rastlanmadı, adını ansiklopedideki bazı maddelerin sonunda yer alan "hakkında başka kayda rastlanmadı" ibaresinden alıyor. Koçu'nun rehberliğinde İstanbul'a dair türlü anlatının peşine düşüp başka yerde kaydı olmayanların "tuhaf" ve "münasebetsiz" şehrine bakan aynı adlı serginin ardından, yayın ile bu kapsamlı arşivin farklı açılardan yorumlanması ve değerlendirmeye açılması amaçlanıyor. Edebiyat ile tarih, özel ile kamusal arasındaki ayrımları bulanıklaştıran Koçu külliyatı gibi, bu derlemedeki yazılar da İstanbul Ansiklopedisi'nin gündeme getirdiği tarihî, coğrafi, mimari, edebî ve kültürel birçok konuyu disipliner sınırların ötesinde ele alıyor. Farklı alanlardan yazarların katkılarıyla hazırlanan yayın, hem tarihsel hem de kişisel perspektiflerle Koçu'nun çalışma yöntemlerine, arşivin oluşum sürecine ve içeriğine çok yönlü bir bakış sunuyor.Article Citation Count: 7Extrapolating Continuous Color Emotions Through Deep Learning(Amer Physical Soc, 2020) Ram, Vishaal; Schaposnik, Laura P.; Konstantinou, Nikos; Volkan, Eliz; Papadatou-Pastou, Marietta; Manav, Banu; Jonauskaite, Domicele; Mohr, ChristineBy means of an experimental dataset, we use deep learning to implement an RGB (red, green, and blue) extrapolation of emotions associated to color, and do a mathematical study of the results obtained through this neural network. In particular, we see that males (type-m individuals) typically associate a given emotion with darker colors, while females (typef individuals) associate it with brighter colors. A similar trend was observed with older people and associations to lighter colors. Moreover, through our classification matrix, we identify which colors have weak associations to emotions and which colors are typically confused with other colors.Article Citation Count: 6Noise Annoyance During Covid-19 Lockdown: a Research of Public Opinion Before and During the Pandemic(Acoustical Society of America, 2020) Şentop Dümen, Ayça; Şaher, KoncaStrict lockdown strategies to stop the spread of COVID-19 have caused a decrease in environmental noise levels and introduced new noise conditions in dwellings. The present study has investigated the impact of the forced lockdown in Turkey on noise annoyances due to traffic, neighbors, and personal dwellings, as well as the concern of being heard by neighbors, and overall dwelling satisfaction in an online questionnaire. The stress and anxiety levels of respondents were also investigated. The survey obtained 1053 respondents. Additionally, environmental noise levels were measured over 24-h at two locations and compared with results before the pandemic. The results clearly exhibit that environmental noise levels and annoyance due to the noise levels dropped significantly. The annoyance drop was larger in previously noisier environments than previously tranquil locations. Noise annoyance due to neighbor noise did not change significantly; however, noise annoyance due to one's own dwelling increased. The results also confirmed an overall increase in dwelling satisfactions indicating a correlation between dwelling satisfaction and lower environmental noise levels. Although the results confirmed that noise annoyance was positively correlated with stress and anxiety levels, the change of annoyance between before and during lockdown was shown to be independent from the stress and anxiety levelArticle Citation Count: 0Great Mosque of Gumus: an Architectural Study on the Date and Patron Problem(Istanbul Univ, 2019) Keskin, Mustafa ÇağhanThe mosque in Gumus, a small town in the Amasya region, attracts attention because of the problem of identifying its patron. The Turkish inscription written in the Latin Alphabet "Yorguc Rustem Pasa Camisi 1426" on the plate on the portal, consubstantiating Yorguc Pasa and Rustem Pasa, identifies a historical figure who never existed as the patron of the building. This consubstantiation refers to two important actors in the construction process of the mosque: Yorguc Pasa (d. 1442), the vizier of Murad II and Rustem Pasa (d. 1561), the vizier of Suleyman I. This study does not aim to reveal whether Yorguc Pasa or Rustem Pasa was the true patron who commissioned the building, rather it aims to examine the building in detail to date its parts.Article Citation Count: 2The Effect of Reverberation Time and Signal-To Ratio on Word Recognition Scores by Adults and Children in Classrooms(Yıldız Technical Univ, 2019) Şaher, Konca; Karaböce, BakiThis paper seeks to assess the effect of reverberation time, distribution of reverberation time over the frequency range and signal-to-noise ratio on speech intellibility by adults and children in classrooms by the use of phonetically balanced monosyllabic Turkish word recognition tests. Two sets of 25-items phonetically balanced monosyllabic Turkish words were recorded in a full anechoic chamber. Auralizations of the recordings were developed in an acoustic simulation software for a range of reverberation time of 0,8 seconds (average of 500 Hz, 1000 Hz ve 2000 Hz), 0,4 seconds (average of 500 Hz, 1000 Hz ve 2000 Hz) and 0,4 seconds (125-4000 Hz) and two signal-to-noise ratios of 0 dB and 15dB in a typical classroom. Listening tests developed from auralizations were presented to adults and children. The results show that when reverberation time (average of 500 Hz, 1000 Hz ve 2000 Hz) is reduced from 0.8 seconds to 0.4 seconds for both signal-to-noise ratios of 0 dB and 15 dB, the percentage of speech recognition scores increases in both adults and children. However, in case of 0 dB signal-to-noise, when the reverberation time falls from 0.4 seconds (average of 500 Hz, 1000 Hz ye 2000 Hz) to 0.4 seconds (125-4000 Hz) while there is no significant improvement in the word recognition scores by adults, there is a significant improvement in childrens' scores. For the 15 dB signal-to-noise ratio case, reverberation time of 0,4 seconds (125 - 4000 Hz) does not have a notable impact on word recognition scores for both children and adults.Conference Object Citation Count: 0Blending Science and Art: an Educational Perspective(Iated-Int Assoc Technology Education & Development, 2019) Balkır Kuru, Nur; Şaher, Konca; Mıhçı, Gürkanrt and design education enable students to find creative and logical solutions to various design problems. The use of materials, constructive analysis, craftmanship, and originality are some key criteria in the process. Size and dimensionality, the proportion analysis, expression integrity, substantiality, and presentability can vary depending on the project and the context. As one of the methods used to provide targeted experience and learning in art and design education, interdisciplinary work presents a right ground for complex design issues. The workshop we carried out together with the Tubitak National Metrology Institution (UME) named "Art's Metrology, Metrology's Art" aimed to transform art, design, and science together into a product. As rational, natural, and appropriate connections can be established between art and science, students were asked to develop a method to meet the objectives and criteria of both around a certain conceptual focus. An important inclusive of the workshop was to have students observe, get informed, and engage in dialogue and ultimately increase their curiosity about a certain mechanism outside of their studies. The group dynamic in the process of creating three-dimensional and displayable works within a scheduled time was supported by a scientist from the metrology department, three art and design instructors, Konca Saher, Nur Balkir, and Gurkan Mihci from Kadir Has University. The finished works were then exhibited in the Tubitak-UME in Gebze compound. This study, which blends science and art, provided students with the opportunity to experiment with a science field, and to develop their predictions about their own disciplines. The paper will present the development and the outcome of the workshop.Article Citation Count: 0An English Missionary Society in Adrianople: Evangelicalism, Millenialism and the Jews(Türk Tarih Kurumu, 2019) Sağ, Mustafa KaanBritish Society for the Propagation of the Gospel among the Jews (BSPGJ) was founded in1842 in London in order to convert Jews to Christianity. In the second half of the 19th century the society established several mission centres in Europe and North Africa, including Edirne in 1865. By offering medical and educational service the society converted a great number of Jews to Christianity. In the beginning of the 20t h century the mission became active in the form of an educational institution called "Adrianople English School". Although the traces of the Edirne mission disappeared in the First World War, the architecture of the school building supports the description of the society's cultural relation with the Ottoman society as far as it appears on the photos of the period. In this work first it will be focused on the religious movement called Evangelicalism, which directed BSPGJ and similar British societies to the Jews. Second the history of the society and the conversion of Jews in Edirne will be examined. Finally it is aimed to put forward an outcome which would aid to light the Middle East Question more clearly within the frame of the influence of Britian based Jewish missions on the international politics and the establishment of Israel.Article Citation Count: 0İç Mimarlık Eğitiminde Yaratıcı Drama(Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesi, 2013) Üst, Selin; Doğan, Gökçe MineOyun; insanın varoluşundan bu yana doğasında bulunan bir özelliktir. Yaratıcı Drama, insanı var eden yaratıcılık, hayal gücü, cesaret gibi öğeleriyle temeli doğaçlamaya dayanan bir ifade yöntemi sayılabilir. Bu çalışma, Yaratıcı Drama’nın sunduğu fırsatlar ve sağladığı kazanımlar göz önüne alınarak drama etkinliği alternatif bir yöntem olarak iç mimari tasarım eğitiminde kullanımını irdelemeyi amaçlar. Makale Kadir Has Üniversitesi Sanat ve Tasarım Fakültesi İç Mimarlık Proje I stüdyosu kapsamında gerçekleştirilen yaratıcı drama atölye çalışması deneyimlerini aktarmayı hedefler. 1. Stüdyonun ana amacı, öğrencilerin ilk stüdyo deneyimlerinde mekânsal düşünme ve algılama yeteneklerini geliştirmektir. Bu eğitim modelinde hedeflenen iç mimarlık öğrencilerinin eskiz, teknik çizim, maket vb. temsil yöntemlerinin ötesinde oyun ile tasarım prensiplerinin farkına varmalarını sağlamaktır.Article Citation Count: 0Konutlarda İç Mekan İle Mobilya Etkileşimi Bağlamında Mobilyaya Dair Özelliklerin İncelenmesi(Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesi, 2015) Üst, SelinÇok sayıda işlevin bir araya geldiği konut iç mekân tasarımı, yoğun bir programlamayı ve çözümü gerektirmektedir. Nüfus ve refah artışı, kentlere göç ve sosyo-ekonomik gelişmelere paralel olarak mekan ihtiyacı hızla değişmektedir. Konut sektöründeki kavramsal değişimler sonucu, küçülen mekânlarda daha esnek ve fonksiyonel kullanım ihtiyacı, mobilyaya olan talebi sürekli canlı tutmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, konut tasarım üretim süreci ile mobilya tasarım-üretim süreci arasındaki çok boyutlu ilişkiler ağına vurgu yapılarak Türkiye ölçeğinde “mobil hane halkı” ve “kira konut” kavramları üzerinden konut içinde kullanılan mobilyalar işlevsellik ve tasarım özellikleri bakımından incelenmektedir.Article Citation Count: 3Post Occupancy Evaluation of a Transformed Design Studio(İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, 2017) Kepez, OrçunThe decision-makers choices regarding the design and construction of educational spaces have a direct impact on the academic culture. With regard to the design studios, the physical conditions of the studio spaces specifically act as the main element that creates the studio culture. The present study aims at understanding the relationship between the spatial transformation and the expectations of the students. Following a post occupancy approach, we asked, “What can we learn from collection of individual evaluations of students’ on transformed studio environment?” and “Where does this knowledge fit in the readily available literature on built environment and learning spaces?” Twenty-five students are asked to write texts on their expectations related to a transformed studio in which they were receiving education at the time of the study. The texts are first examined for the frequency of the words used via cloud analysis. Following that analysis, two independent evaluators identified the phenomena in the texts and conducted a content analysis. The student expectations are classified into two main groups: Learning Experiences and Spatial Experiences. Learning experience involves three subgroups namely variation in work practices, creativity and social interactions and spatial experience is made up of physical comfort and furniture subgroups. Although during the spatial transformation, some improvement have been made, they did not completely fulfill the students’ expectations. The present study proposes that in such spatial transformations, it would be possible to attain user satisfaction when decision-makers follow participatory processes in which all groups that would be effected can participate.Other Citation Count: 5Filling an Urban Void as a ‘public Interior’ in Balıkesir; Contemporary Intervention Into Historic Context Through Interior Space(İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, 2017) Çetin, MuratThe paper argues the role of interior spaces in linking with the urban open space configuration. The interior space is discussed as extensions of urban spaces and urban spaces as extensions of interiors with specific reference to a case study selected in Balıkesir urban fabric. Under the light shed by these discussions, the paper questions the certainty of boundries between exterior and interior, thus between interior design and architecture. While the first axis of discussion focuses on the duality between interior and exterior, the second axis of discussion concentrates on the insertion of new and contemporary architectural and spatial features into an existing and historic context. The Museum and Library of Photography project in Balıkesir, which is selected as case study, is based on a VOID connecting what exists with what disappeared long ago in a totally new combination. Consequently, paper shows that architectural identity of the existing (and sometimes disappeared) heritage is reproduced via injection of this new hybrid (interior-exterior) into the very heart of the existing urban fabric. The hybrid design of the VOID intends to resolve the tensions between the contrasting features of restoration and intervention merely by understanding the conditions and fundementals of the process of historical layering in the town.Article Citation Count: 0"ANKARA KARACABEY İMARETİ MİMARI DIMAŞKLI EBU BEKİR OĞLU AHMED ÜZERİNE BİR DENEME"(Ege Üniversitesi, Edebiyat Fakültesi, 2019) Keskin, Mustafa ÇağhanOn dört ve on beşinci yüzyıl Osmanlı mimarlığının aktörleri hakkındaki veriler son derece sınırlıdır. Mimarın adını içeren sınırlı sayıda kitabe ve önemli bir sultan yapısının mimarını anan birkaç çağdaş yazma, bazı mimarların adının sanat ve mimarlık tarihi literatürüne geçmesini sağlamıştır. Ankara’da 1427 yılında Karaca Bey tarafından inşa edilen imaretin kitabesi, Ebu Bekir oğlu Ahmed adlı bir mimarın adını barındarması bakımından Osmanlı mimarlık tarihi açısından özellikle değerlidir. On beşinci yüzyılın ilk yarısında faaliyet gösterdiği anlaşılan bir Osmanlı mimarı olan Ahmed’e ilişkin tek kaynak Karacabey İmareti girişinde bulunan bu kitabedir. Karacabey İmareti’ni inşa edebilecek yetkinlikte bir mimar olan Ahmed, dönemi içinde başka yapılarda da görev almış olmalıdır. Bu çalışma, Ahmed’in Ankara ve Amasya gibi kentlerde gelişen muhtemel kariyerini, kendisi gibi mimar olan babası Ebu Bekir’e ilişkin veriler, tarihi kaynaklar ve dönemin mimarlık ürünleri üzerinden ortaya koymayı amaçlayan bir denemedir.Article Citation Count: 0Edirne’de Bir İngiliz Misyonerlik Cemiyeti: Evangelikalizm, Milenyalizm ve Yahudiler(Türk Tarih Kurumu, 2019) Sağ, Mustafa KaanBritish Society for the Propagation of the Gospel among the Jews (BSPGJ) Yahudileri Hıristiyanlığa döndürmek amacıyla 1842’de Londra’da kurulmuş bir İngiliz misyonerlik cemiyetidir. Cemiyet, 19. yüzyılın ikinci yarısında Avrupa ve Kuzey Afrika’da açtığı merkezlere 1865’te Edirne’yi de eklemiştir. Tıp ve eğitim hizmeti sunan cemiyet, bu sayede çok sayıda Edirne Yahudisini Hristiyanlığa çevirmiştir. 20. yüzyılın başında Edirne İngiliz Okulu adlı bir eğitim kurumu çatısında faaliyetlerine devam eden cemiyetin kentteki izleri 1. Dünya Savaşı ile beraber ortadan kalkmıştır. Bugün ayakta olmayan Edirne İngiliz Okulu binası, ancak fotoğrafl ardan okunabilen mimarisiyle cemiyetin Osmanlı toplumu ile kurduğu kültürel ilişkiyi tanımlamaya destek olmaktadır. Ele alınan çalışmada, öncelikle BSPGJ ve benzeri Britanya kökenli cemiyetleri Yahudilere yönelten Evangelikalizm inancı üzerinde durulacak, ardından cemiyetin genel tarihi ve Edirne’deki faaliyetleri anlatılacaktır. Ortaya çıkan bilgiler, Britanya kökenli Yahudi misyonlarının İsrail’in kuruluşu ve uluslararası siyasete etkisi çerçevesinde değerlendirildiğinde günümüz Orta Doğu sorununun daha net bir biçimde anlaşılmasına yardımcı olacaktır.Article Citation Count: 1Gümüş Ulu Camii: Bani ve Dönem Sorunları Üzerine Bir Mimari Deneme(İstanbul Üniversitesi Türkiyat Araştırmaları Enstitüsü, 2019) Keskin, Mustafa ÇağhanAmasya’nın Gümüş kasabasında yer alan cami, banisinin kim olduğuna ilişkin sorunlar ile dikkat çeker. Taç kapı üzerinde bulunan “Yörgüç Rüstem Paşa Camii 1426” ibaresi, Yörgüç Paşa ile Rüstem Paşa’yı özdeşleştirerek tarihte hiç var olmamış bir figürü bani olarak ilan eder. Bu özdeşim, caminin oluşumundaki en önemli iki aktöre referans vermektedir; II. Murad’ın vezirlerinden Yörgüç Paşa (ö.1442) ve Kanuni Sultan Süleyman’ın vezirlerinden Rüstem Paşa (ö.1561). Bani kimliğine ilişkin karmaşa, yalnız yöredeki geleneksel özdeşim üzerinden değil, yapıya dair günümüze ulaşan yazılı kaynaklarda da izlenebilir. Bu araştırma, caminin gerçek banisinin kim olduğunu veya Yörgüç Paşa ya da Rüstem Paşa’dan hangisinin bu yapıya ismini vermeyi hak ettiğini ortaya koymayı amaçlamayan, ancak, yapısal veriler üzerinden bir mimarlık tarihi okuması yaparak, hangi kısımların hangi döneme ait olabileceğini tartışmayı öngören bir denemedir.Article Citation Count: 5Collaborative Design of an Active Learning Classroom With High School Students and Teachers(EMERALD GROUP PUBLISHING LTD, 2020) Kepez, Orçun; Ust, SelinPurpose - The aim of this study is to understand classroom settings desired by high school students and teachers in an active learning classroom. The research question is whether students and teachers will differ from each other when designing an active learning classroom. Design/methodology/approach - In an effort to design a learning environment for an advanced placement programme, action research methodology was followed by conducting a participatory workshop in a real active learning classroom with future users. Working in isolation from one another, students and teachers designed their own classrooms by forming different learning centres. During the study, two groups, made up of ten high school students and seven teachers, respectively, were asked to arrange the furniture in an active learning classroom. The groups were free to form as many furniture arrangement configurations as they wished and were asked to write about their workshop experiences afterwards. Once they had completed both tasks, their plan layouts were examined. Findings - All of the plan layouts were found to fall into one of three categories: a traditional layout, a small group layout or a single large group layout. The written texts were also analysed, which revealed different perspectives of each participating group. As students and teachers explore different learning opportunities, they appear to be driven by different kinds of experiences when they endeavour to organize their classrooms. Originality/value - Never before has an active learning classroom been the site for a participatory furniture arrangement workshop that employs teachers and students.Conference Object Citation Count: 0Acoustic Design Guidelines for Adults With Intellectual Disability(European Acoustics Association EAA, 2014) Şaher, Konca; Nijs, Lau; Hordijk, TruusThis paper concentrates on the acoustic design aspects of the living rooms in institutions for adults with intellectually disability. In the living rooms for adults with ID there is even a higher stress on the acoustics since they are more dependent on the acoustical environment compared to normal population. Moreover prevalence of hearing impairment among adults with ID is around 30% and in most cases it is not even recognised. Therefore the rooms for adults with ID need to be designed by taking into account the requirements of the hearing impaired. They need more favourable room acoustics to improve their communication and participation. This paper investigates three main themes: 1) Investigation of impact of building design tools on acoustical quality parameters and determination of most appropriate acoustical quality indicator that translates best into architectural practice for living rooms for adults with ID. 2) Investigation of the relation between user satisfaction and absorption amount in rooms for adults with ID by listening tests prepared from auralizations. 3) Development of architectural/acoustical design guidelines to provide optimal absorption amount for living rooms for adults with ID.Conference Object Citation Count: 0London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games-Acoustic Design Aspects of Temporary Venues(European Acoustics Association EAA, 2014) Şaher, Konca; Cahill, BenThis paper concentrates on the acoustic design aspects of the Temporary Venues at London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games. The project needed integration of individuals from various different client groups consultants and contractors into one team to work in a multi-disciplinary way. Atkins-Acoustics Noise and Vibration Consultancy worked with venue design team project managers sustainability consultants from London Organizing Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games (LOCOG) and architects. The keywords for Temporary Venues are absence of legacy and sustainability. There are over 120 of Temporary Venues spread throughout London and other parts of UK. The acoustic analysis strategy had two main components: Noise to the environment and noise to the venue. Noise to the environment included baseline noise survey of the site in comparison to the 3D modelling of the venue for construction games and demolition phases. Noise to the venue included setting acoustic criteria for each component sound insulation reverberation time calculations public address and voice evacuation design and mechanical plant noise control.Conference Object Citation Count: 0Room Acoustic Modelling of a Reverberation Chamber(German Acoustical Society (DEGA), 2016) Şaher, Konca; Nas, Sezin; Karaböce, Baki; Kırbaş, Cafer; Bilgiç, EyüpThis paper aims at comparing measured broadband reverberation time values in the reverberation chamber of Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey - National Metrology Institute (TUBITAK-UME) in Gebze Turkey with the simulated reverberation time values from the room acoustical modelling of the same reverberation chamber. The reverberation chamber in TUBITAK-UME has a volume of 263m3 total inner surface area of 262 m2 and 16 diffusers made of Plexiglas and hung randomly in the room. The majority of the diffusers have hyperbolic shapes. There are also six absorbers to adjust the reverberation time of the room. Indications of difficulties in the calibration of the acoustic model with reference to the measured values and different frequencies are given and the modelling and measurement uncertainties and limitations are discussed. © 2016 German Acoustical Society (DEGA). All rights reserved.Conference Object Citation Count: 1Regression Model for Interior Design Cost Estimate in Preliminary Stage(Elsevier Science Bv, 2012) Yazicioglu, Deniz AyseCost factors become even more important in the design of the kitchen which is remodeled 34% more than any other room of the house. For this reason the purpose of this study was to propose a reliable kitchen cost estimate model that can be used during the pre-design stages. The first stage of the methodology consisted of defining the limits and the parameters of the model. Next 1.309 kitchen design projects were analyzed for data and a regression model based on the correlations between these data was developed. In the last stage sample cases were developed to prove the feasibility of using the kitchen remodeling cost estimate model. (C) 2012 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and/or peer review under responsibility of Prof. Ayse Cakir IlhanConference Object Citation Count: 4New Forms of Design Education(Elsevier Science Bv, 2012) Ozkaynak, Mine Gokce; Ust, SelinDesign has been in a period of change for the last decade but design education and more specifically design educators haven't kept up with these transformations. As a result design students continue to learn outdated methods and techniques. A designer needs to understand processes methods and mediums of design. At all of these levels the process is the same while methods may change slightly and the medium differs dramatically. Without expertise in mediums a designer is only able to facilitate what others do
